A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

ARISTOTELES.
attempted by Samuel Petitus. (Miscell. iv. 9.) The
citations in the separate writings are of no use for
this purpose, as they are often additions made by
a later hand; and, not unfrequently, two writings
refer reciprocally to each other. (Ritter, Gesch. der
Philosophie, iii. p. 29, not. 1, p. 35, not. 2.) Moreover, such an arrangement is of small importance
for the works of a philosopher like Aristotle.
A systematic arrangement was first given to the
writings of Aristotle by Andronicus of Rhodes.
He placed together in pragmaties (rpaypa.reiai)
the works which treated of the same subjects, the
logical, physical, &c. (Porphyr. Vit. Plotin. 24;
Casiri, Biblioth. Arabico-Escorialens. p. 308.) His
arrangement, in which the logical pragmaty came
first, agreed, as it appears, in many other respects
with the present arrangement in the editions.
(Ravaisson, Essai sur la Mltaphys. i. pp. 22-27.)
He seems to have been followed by Adrastus, as is
in part testified by the express evidence of Greek
interpreters. The arrangement of Andronicus appears to have been preserved in the division peculiar to the Latins (icard Aarivous), i. e. to the Latin
translators and expositors from the fourth to the
sixth century, which is spoken of in one or two
notices in the MSS. of Aristotle collated by Bekker.
(Arist. Opp. ed. Bekker, Rhet. i. 8, p. 1368, b.
ii. init. p. 1377, b., iii. init. p. 1403, b.) The divisions of the Greek commentators may be found
in Stahr (Aristot. ii. p. 254), with which David ad
Categ. p. 24; Philop. ad Categ. p. 36, ed. Berolin.
may be compared. They separate the writings of
Aristotle into three principal divisions. 1. Theoretic.
2. Practical. 3. Logical or organical, which again
have their subdivisions. The arrangement in the
oldest printed edition of the entire works rests
probably upon a tradition, which in its essential
features may reach back as far as Andronicus. In
the Aldina the Organon (the logical writings) comes
first; then follow the works on physical science,
including the Problems; then the mathematical
and metaphysical writings; at the end the writings
which belong to practical philosophy, to which in
the following editions the Rhetoric and Poetics
are added. This arrangement has continued to be
the prevailing one down to the present day. In
the following survey we adhere to the arrangement
adopted by Zell, who divides the works into,
A. Doctrinal, B. Historical, c. Mliscellaneous, D. Letters, E. Poems and Speeches. Every systematic
division of course has reference principally to the
first class. The principle to be kept in view in
the division of these works must be. determined
from what Aristotle says himself. According to
him, every kind of knowledge has for its object
either, 1, Merely the ascertainment of truth, or
2, Besides this, an operative activity. The latter
has for its result either the production of a work
(orolre7), or the result is the act itself, and its process (wrpd'rrew). Accordingly every kind of knowledge is either I. Productive, poetic (Errro1-fpr
WrolrTIKS); or II. Practical (nrcio-rTii? irpaIcruTK);
or III. Theoretical (/Errto'rTis hewp-?'1rea ).* Theoretical knowledge has three main divisions (qptAotropiai, 7rpay/earETaa), namely: 1. Physical science
(EorLT/ -l q (uvanec); 2. Mathematics (Edr. saOafpa'ulnc); 3. The doctrine of absolute existence (in
Aristotle -q "rpw'Trq stIXoarodia, or etr-Tt A-q/ eoXo

ARISTOTELES. 327
'iK, or simply (ropia).* Practical science, or
practical philosophy ( 'Qpixhoo(pia Trepi Ta dvOpd'SLTiva, 'roAt'rtIc4, in the general sense of the word,
Eth. Nic. i. 2, Magna Mloral. i. 1, Rhet. i. 2),
teaches a man to know the highest purpose of
human life, and the proper mode of striving to
attain it with respect to dispositions and actions.
It is 1. with reference to the individual man, ethics
(Oiucrj); 2. With reference to the family and domestic concerns, Oeconomics (oiKovolApuc); 3. With
reference to the state, Politics (sroAtruc, in the
more restricted sense of the word; Eth. Nic. x. 9).
Lastly, in so far as science is a scientific mode of
regarding knowledge and cognition itself, and its
forms and conditions, and the application of them,
it is-IV. 'EnrmraT/' a'oiro0o'a rrepl dmrosiefecs
ical rirjic/mL7n s (1Metaph. K. i. p. 213, Brandis),
which must precede the mrpdrT qthioao ia. (Met.
r. 3, p. 66, lin. 24.) This is Dialectics or Analytics,
or, according to our use of terms, Logic. Sometimes Aristotle recognises only the two main divisions of practical and theoretical philosophy. (Metaph. ii. 1, p. 36, Brand.)
A. DOCTRINAL WORKS.
1. Dialectics and Logic.
The extant logical writings are comprehended
as a whole under the title Organon (i. e. instrument of science). They are occupied with the
investigation of the method by which man arrives
at knowledge. Aristotle develops the rules and
laws of thinking and cognition from the nature of
the cognoscent faculty in man. An insight into
the nature and formation of conclusions and of
proof by means of conclusions, is the common aim
and centre of all the separate six works composing
the Organon. Of these, some (Topica and Elench.
Sophist.) have the practical tendency of teaching us
how, in disputing, to make ourselves masters of
the probable, and, in attacking and defending, to
guard ourselves against false conclusions (Dialectics,
Eristics). In the others, on the other hand, which
are more theoretical (analytica), and which contain
the doctrine of conclusions (Syllogistics) and of
proof (Apodeictics), the object is certain, strictly
demonstrable knowledge.
Literature of the Organon.-Organon, ed. Pacius
a Beriga, Morgiis, 1584, Francof. 1597, 4to.;
Elementa logices Aristot. ed. Trendelenburg, Berol.
1836, 8vo. 2nd. ed. 1842; Explanations thereon
in German, Berlin, 1842, 8vo.-Weinholtz, De
finibus et pretio logices Arist. Rostochii, 1824.Brandis, U'ber die Reihenfolge der Biicker des Orgenon, &c., in the Abhandl. d. Berl. Akad., 1835,
p. 249, &c.-Biese, die Philosophie des Aristot. i. pp.
45-318.-J. Barthelemy St. Hilaire, De laLogique
d'A ristote, M6moire couronnue par l'Institut, Paris,
1838, 2 vols. 8vo.
The usual succession of the logical writings in
the editions is as follows:
1. The KarT'yoplat (Praedicamenta). In this
work Aristotle treats of the (ten) highest and most
comprehensive generic ideas, under which all the
attributes of things may be subordinated as species.
These are essence or substance (m oeria), quantity
(rdeov), quality (erono1), relation (7rpos pT), place
(wTo), time ('Td-re), situation (rciE/Trac), possession or
having (EXEiv), action (rosiemY), sguffering rGdioXEIv).

- - -- --

* Metaph. K. 6, p. 226, Brandis, E. 1 and 2;
Eth. Nic. vi. 3 and 4.

SMlletaphys. E. 1, K. 1, L. 1.