A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

ARETAEUS.
(.Ecl i. p. 847, ed. Heeren); but others suppose it
to have been written by Aesara. [AESARA.]
ARESTOR ('Ape'orwp), the father of Argus
Panoptes, the guardian of lo, who is therefore
called Arestorides. (Apollod. ii. 1. ~ 3; Apollon.
Rhod. i. 112; Ov. Met. i. 624.) According to
Pausanias (ii. 16. ~ 3), Arestor was the husband
of Mycene, the daughter of Inachus, from whom
the town of Mycenae derived its name. [L. S.]
ARETADES ('Ap-raSi15s), of Cnidus, of uncertain date, wrote a work on Macedonian affairs
(Miac-eSoviKd) in three books at least, and another
on the history of islands (vijeuiwriCd) in two books
at least. (Plut. Parall. 11, 27.) It is uncertain
whether the Aretades referred to by Porphyry
(ap. Euseb. Praep. Ev. x. 3), as the author of a
work Ilcol eovve rrrw'erEws, is the same as the above
or not.
ARETAEUS ('Apereuos), one of the most celebrated of the ancient Greek physicians, of whose
life, however, no particulars are known. There is
some uncertainty respecting both his age and country; but it seems probable that he practised in the
first century after Christ, in the reign of Nero or
Vespasian, and he is generally styled 'the Cappadocian" (Kaorsrdaio). HeI wrote in Ionic Greekl a
general treatise on diseases, which is still extant,
and is certainly one of the most valuable reliques
of antiquity, displaying great accuracy in the
detail of symptoms, and in seizing the diagnostic
character of diseases. In his practice he followed
for the most part the method of Hippocrates, bOut
he paid less attention to what have been styled
" the natural actions " of the system; and, contrary
to the practice of the Father of Medicine, ihe did
not hesitate to attempt to counteract them, when
they appeared to him to be injurious. The account
which he gives of his treatment of various diseases
indicates a simple and sagacious system, and one of
more energy than that of the professed Methodici.
Thus he freely administered active purgatives; he
did not object to narcotics; he was much less
averse to bleeding; and upon the whole his Materia
Medica was both ample and efficient. It may be
asserted generally that there are few of the ancient
physicians, since the time of Hippocrates, who
appear to have been less biassed by attachment to
any peculiar set of opinions, and whose account of
the phenomena and treatment of disease has better
stood the test of subsequent experience. Aretaeus
is placed by some writers among tile Pneumatici:Dict. of Ant. s. v. Pneumeatici), because he main-:ained the doctrines which are peculiar to this.ect; other systematic writers, however, think
hat he is better entitled to be placed with the
Eclectics. (Diet. of Ant. s. v. Eclectici.)
His work. consists of eight book, of which four are
ntitled liepl AiLCricv alO _s77peiwv'Oeiw Vical Xpoveiwv
la(0v, Do Causis et Signis Acutorum et Diuturnoum MorbormU; and the other four, nlepIt ~espaEIas
)fmwy ical Xpoviwcv HTaOv, De Curatione Acutorumn
' Diutsrnorwum Mlorborum. They are in a tolerably
)mplete state of preservation, though a few chap-.rs are lost. The work was first published in a
atin translation by J. P. Crassus, Venet. 1552,
to., together with Rufus Ephesius. The first
reek edition is that by J. Goupylus, Paris, 1554,
"o., which is more complete than the Latin vermn of Crassus. In. 1723 a magnificent edition in
lio was published at the Clarendon press at Oxcd, edited by J. Wigan, containing an improved

ARETAS. 277
text, a new Latin version, learned dissertations
and notes, and a copious index by Maittaire. In
1731, the celebrated Boerhaave brought out a new
edition, of which the text and Latin version had
been printed before the appearance of Wigan's,
and are of less value than his; this edition, however, contains a copious and useful collection of
annotations by P. Petit and D. W. Triller. The last
and most useful edition is that by C. G. Kaihn,
Lips. 1828, 8vo., containing Wigan's text, Latin
version, dissertations, &c., together with Petit's
Commentary, Triller's Emendations, and Maittaire's Index. A new edition is preparing for
the press at this present time by Dr. Ermerins,
of Middelburg in Zealand. (See his preface, p.
viii., to Hippocr. De Vict. Rat. in Morb. Acut.
Lugd.Bat. 1841.) The work has been translated into
French, Italian, and German; there are also two
English translations, one by J. Moffat, Lond. 1785,
8vo., and the other by T. F. Reynolds, Lond.
1837, 8vo., neither of which contains the whole
work. Further information respecting the medical
opinions of Aretaeus may be found in Le Clerc's
Hist. de lat Mid.; Haller's Bibl. Medic. Pract. vol.
i.; Sprengel's Hist. de la Mid.; Fabricius, Bibl.
Gr. vol. iv. p. 703, ed. Harles; Isensee, Gesch. der
Med. See also Bostock, Hist. of Med., and
Choulant's Handbziuc der Biicherkunde fir die
Aeltere Medicin, from which two works the preceding article has been chiefly taken. [W. A. G.]
ARETA'PHILA ('ApeTraplAa), of Cyrene, lived
at the time of the Mithridatic war. Nicocrates,
the tyrant of Cyrene, killed her husband, Phaedimus, and compelled her to live with him; but she
at length delivered the city from tyranny by procuring the murder of Nicocrates, and subsequently
of his brother Leander, when he acted in the same
tyrannical manner. (Plut. de Mstl. virt. p. 255, &c.)
A'RETAS ('Ap-ras), the name of several kings
of Arabia Petraea.
1. The contemporary of Jason, the high-priest of
the Jews, and of Antiochus Epiphanes, about e. c.
170. (2 Maccab. v. 8.)
2. A contemporary of Alexander Jannacus, king
of Judaea. This Aretas is probably the same who
reigned in Coele-Syria after Antiochus XII., surnamed Dionysus. He was invited to the kingdom
by those who had possession of Damascus. (Joseph. Antiq. xiii. 13. ~ 3, 15. ~ 2.) Subsequently
he seems to have been compelled to relinquish
Syria; and we next hear of his taking part in the
contest between Aristobulus and Hyrcanus for the
Jewish crown, though whether this Aretas is the
same as the one who ruled over Syria may be
doubted. At the advice of Antipater, Hyrcanus
fled to Aretas, who invaded Judaea in B. c. 65, in
order to place him on the throne, and laid siege to
Jerusalem. Aristobulus, however, purchased the
intervention of Scaurus and Gabinius, Pompey's
legates, who compelled Aretas to raise the siege.
(Joseph. Ant. xiv. i. ~ 4, c. 2, Bell. Jud. i. 6. ~ 2.)
[ARIsTOBULUS, No. 2.] After Pompey had reduced Syria to the form of a Roman province, he
turned his arms against Aretas, B. c. 64, who submitted to him for a time. This expedition against
Aretas preceded the war against Aristobulus in
Judaea, which Plutarch erroneously represents as
the first. (Dion Cass. xxxvii. 15; Appian, Mithr.
106; Plut. Pomp. 39, 41.) The war against
Aretas was renewed after Pompey's departure
Sfrom Asia; and Scaurns, Pompey's legate, who