A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

268 ARCHIGENES.
ARCHIDA'MUS IV., king of Sparta, 23rd of
the Eurypontids, was the son of Eudamidas I. and
the grandson of Archidamus III. (Plut. Agis, 3.)
He was king in B. c. 296, when he was defeated
by Demetrius Poliorcetes. (Plut. Demetr. 35.)
ARCHIDA'MUS V., king of Sparta, 27th of
the Eurypontids, was the son of Eudamidas II.,
and the brother of Agis IV. On the murder of
his brother Agis, in B. c. 240, Archidamus fled
from Sparta, but obtained possession of the throne
some time after the accession of Cleomenes, through
the means of Aratus, who wished to weaken the
power of the Ephors: it appears that Cleomenes
also was privy to his recall. Archidamrus was,
however, slain almost immediately after his return
to Sparta, by those who had killed his brother and
who dreaded his vengeance. It is doubtful whether
Cleomenes was a party to the murder. (Plut.
Cleom. 1, 5; comp. Polyb. v. 37, viii. 1.) Archidamus V. was the last king of the Eurypontid
race. He left sons, who were alive at the death of
Cleomenes in B. c. 220, but they were passed over,
and the crown given to a stranger, Lycurgus.
(Polyb. iv. 35; Clinton, F. H. ii. Append. c. 3.)
ARCHIDA'MUS, the Aetolian. [ARCHEDAmus, No. 3.]
ARCHIDA'MUS ('ApXiSaltos), a Greek physician of whom no particulars are known, but who
must have lived in the fourth or fifth century B. c.,
as Galen quotes one of his opinions (De Simpl.
Medicam. Temper. ac Facult. ii. 5, &c., vol. xi. p.
471, &c.), which was preserved by Diodes of
Carystus. A physician of the same name is mentioned by Pliny (H. N. Ind. Auct.), and a few
fragments on veterinary surgery by a person
named Archedemus are to be found in the " Veterinariae Medicinae Libri Duo," first published in
Latin by J. Ruellius, Paris, 1530, fol., and afterwards in Greek by S. Grynaeus, Basil. 1537,
4to. [W. A. G.]
ARCHIIDICE ('ApX5iKc?), a celebrated hetaira
of Naucratis in Egypt, whose fame spread through
Greece, was arrogant and avaricious. (Herod. ii.
136; Aelian, V. H. xii. 63; Athen. xiii. p. 596, d.)
ARCHI'GENES ('ApXy7El'vY), an eminent ancient Greek physician, whose name is probably
more familiar to most non-professional readers than
that of many others of more real importance, from
his being mentioned by Juvenal. (vi. 236, xiii. 98,
xiv. 252.) He was the most celebrated of the sect
of the Eclectici (Dict. ofAnt. s.v. Eclectici), and was
a native of Apamea in Syria; he practised at Rome
in the time of Trajan, A. D. 98-117, where he enjoyed a very high reputation for his professional skill.
He is, however, reprobated as having been fond of
introducing new and obscure terms into the science,
and having attempted to give to medical writings a
dialectic form, which produced rather the appearance than the reality of accuracy. Archigenes
published a treatise on the pulse, on which Galen
wrote a Commentary; it appears to have contained
a number of minute and subtile distinctions, many
of which have no real existence, and were for the
most part the result rather of a preconceived hypothesis than of actual observation; and the same
remark may be applied to an arrangement which
he proposed of fevers. He, however, not only enjoyed a considerable degree of the public confidence
during his life-time, but left behind him a number
of disciples, who for many years maintained a respectable rank in their profession. The name of

ARCHILOCHUS.
the father of Archigenes was Philippus; he was a
pupil of Agathinus, whose life he once saved
[AGoAHINUS]; and he died at the age either of
sixty-three or eighty-three. (Suid. s. v. 'ApXry.;
Eudoc. Violar. ap. Villoison, Anecd. Gr. vol. i. p.
65.) The titles of several of his works are preserved, of which, however, nothing but a few
fragments remain; some of these have been preserved by other ancient authors, and some are still
in MS. in the King's Library at Paris. (Cramer's
Anecd. Gr. Paris. vol. i. pp. 394, 395.) By some
writers he is considered to have belonged to the
sect of the Pneumatici. (Galen, Introd. c. 9. vol.
xiv. p. 699.) For further particulars respecting
Archigenes see Le Clerc, Hist. de la Mid.; Fabric.
Bibl. Gr. vol. xiii. p. 80, ed. vet.; Sprengel, Hist.
de la iMd.; Haller, Bibl. Medic. Pract. vol. i.
p. 198; Osterhausen, Hist. Sectae Pneumatic. Mled.
Altorf, 1791, 8vo.; Harless, A nalecta Historico-Crit.
de Archigene, 6c., Bamberg, 4to. 1816; Isensee,
Gesch. der dMed.; Bostock's History of Medicine,
from which work part of the preceding account is
taken. [W. A. G.]
ARCHI'LOCHUS ('ApXiXoXo1), of Paros, was
one of the earliest Ionian lyric poets, and the first
Greek poet who composed Iambic verses according
to fixed rules. He flourished about 714-676 B. c.
(Bode, Geschichte der Lyr. Dichtkl. i. pp. 38, 47.)
He was descended from a noble family, who held
the priesthood in Paros. His grandfather was
Tellis, who brought the worship of Demeter intc
Thasos, and whose portrait was introduced by
Polygnotus into his painting of the infernal region
at Delphi. His father was Telesicles, and his mo
ther a slave, named Enipo. In the flower of hi
age (between 710 and 700 B. c.), and probabb
after he had already gained a prize for his hymn t(
Demeter (Schol. in Aristoph. Av. 1762), Archilochu
went from Paros to Thasos with a colony, of whic]
one account makes him the leader. The motiv
for this emigration can only be conjectured. I
was most probably the result of a political change
to which cause was added, in the case of Archilc
chus, a sense of personal wrongs. He had been
suitor to Neobule, one of the daughters of Lycan
bes, who first promised and afterwards refused t
give his daughter to the poet. Enraged at thi
treatment, Archilochus attacked the whole famil
in an iambic poem, accusing Lycambes of perjur:
and his daughters of the most abandoned live
The verses were recited at the festival of Demete
and produced such an effect, that the daughters (
Lycambes are said to have hung themselves throup
shame. The bitterness which he expresses in h
poems towards his native island (Athen. iii. p. 7
b.) seems to have arisen in part also from the lo
estimation in which he was held, as being the sc
of a slave. Neither was he more happy at Thas(
He draws the most melancholy picture of h
adopted country, which he at length quitted
disgust. (Plut. de Exil. 12. p. 604; Strabo, xi
p. 648, viii. p. 370; Eustath. in Odyss. i. p. 22
Aelian, V. H. xii. 50.) While at Thasos, he i
curred the disgrace of losing his shield in an e
gagement with the Thracians of the opposite co
tinent; but, like Alcaeus under similar circu
stances, instead of being ashamed of the disast,
he recorded it in his verse. Plutarch (Inst. Lac(
p. 239, b.) states, that Archilochus was banish
from Sparta the very hour that he had arriv
there, because he had written in his poems, tha