A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

126 ALEXANDER.
When Polysperchon, baffled at Megalopolis (Diod.
xviii. 72), withdrew into Macedonia, his son seems
to have been left with an army in Peloponnesus,
where, as we read in Diodorus (xix. 35), the field
was left open to him, and the friends of oligarchy
were greatly alarmed by the departure of Cassander
into Macedon on the intelligence of the murder of
Arrhidaeus and Eurydice by Olympias, B. c. 317.
(Paus. i. 11; Diod. xix. 11.) During his absence,
Alexander succeeded in bringing over to himself
several cities and important places in the Peloponnesus (Diod. xix. 53); but, on Cassander's return
to the south, after crushing Olympias in Macedon,
he in vain attempted to check him by his fortification of the Isthmus, for Cassander, passing to
Epidaurus by sea, regained Argos and Hermione,
and afterwards also the Messenian towns, with the
exception of Ithome. (Diod. xix. 54.)
In the next year, 315, Antigonus (whose ambition and successes in the east had united against
him Cassander, Lysimachus, Asander, and Ptolemy
Soter), among other measures, sent Aristodemus
into the Peloponnesus to form a league of amity
with Polysperchon and Alexander; and the latter
was persuaded by Aristodemus to pass over to Asia
for a personal conference with Antigonus. Finding
him at Tyre, a treaty was made between them, and
Alexander returned to Greece with a present of
500 talents from Antigonus, and a multitude of
magnificent promises. (Diod. xix. 60, 61.) Yet,
in the very same year, we find him renouncing his
alliance with Antigonus, and bribed by the title of
governor of the Peloponnesus to reconcile himself to
Cassander. (Diod. xix. 64.)
In the ensuing year, 314, we read of him as engaged for Cassander in the siege of Cyllene, which
however was raised by Aristodemus and his
Aetolian auxiliaries. After the return of Aristodemus to Aetolia, the citizens of Dyme, in Achaia,
having besieged the citadel, which was occupied by
one of Cassander's garrisons, Alexander forced his
way into the city, and made himself master of it,
punishing the adverse party with death, imprisonment, or exile. (Diod. xix. 66.) Very soon after
this he was murdered at Sicyon by Alexion, a
Sicyonian, leaving the command of his forces to
one who proved herself fully adequate to the task,
-his wife Cratesipolis. (B. c. 314, Diod. xix.
67.) [E. E.]
ALEXANDER ('AAXEavepos), a RHODIAN. In
the war against Cassius he was at the head of the
popular party, and was raised to the office of prytanis, B. c. 43. (Appian, de Bell. Civ. iv. 66.) But
soon after, he and the Rhodian admiral, Mnaseas,
were defeated by Cassius in a sea-fight off Cnidus.
(Appian, de Bell. Civ. iv. 71.) [L. S.]
ALEXANDER (ST.), bishop of ROME, A. D.
109-119. (Euseb. Hist. Eccl. iv. 4.) There are
three Epistles falsely ascribed to him by Isidore
Mercator, as well as a decree, according to Gratian.
(Mansi, Concilia. vol. i. pp. 643-647.) Heracleon
is said (in the book Praedeslinaius, ap. Sirmond.
Opp. vol. i. p. 470) to have broached his heresy in
Sicily in the time of St. Alexander, and to have
been confited by him. But Heracleon was not,
perhaps, yet born. [A. J. C.]
ALEXANDER, who assumed the title of EMPEROR OF ROME in A. D. 311, was, according to some
accounts, a Phrygian, and according to others a
Pannonian. He was appointed by Maxentius
governos of Africa, but discovering that Maxen

ALEXANDER.
tius was plotting against his life, he assumed the
purple, though he was of an advanced age and
a timid nature. Maxentius sent some troops
against him under Rufius Volusianus, who put
down the insurrection without difficulty. Alexander was taken and strangled. (Zosimus, ii. 12,
14; Aur. Vict. de Caes. 40, Epit. 40.) There are
a few medals of Alexander. In the one annexed
we find the words ImI. ALEXANDER. P. F. AUG.;
the reverse represents Victory, with this inscription, VICTORIA ALEXANDRI AuG. N., and at
the bottom, P. K.
ALEXANDER OF SELEUCIA. [ALEXANDER PELOPLATON.]
ALEXANDER, I. II., kings of Syria. [ALEXANDER BALAS and ZEBINA.]
ALEXANDER, TIBE'RIUS (TieEp'oM 'AAEievapos), was born at Alexandria, of Jewish parents.
His father held the office of Alabarch in Alexandria,
and his uncle was Philo, the well-known writer.
Alexander, however, did not continue in the faith
of his ancestors, and was rewarded for his apostacy
by various public appointments. In the reign of
Claudius he succeeded Fadius as procurator of
Judaea, about A. D. 46, and was promoted to the
equestrian order. He was subsequently appointed
by Nero procurator of Egypt; and by his orders
50,000 Jews were slain on one occasion at Alexandria in a tumult in the city. It was apparently
during his government in Egypt that he accompanied Corbulo in his expedition into Armenia,
A. D. 64; and he was in this campaign given ia
one of the hostages to secure the safety of Tiridates
when the latter visited the Roman camp. Alexander was the first Roman governor who declarec
in favour of Vespasian; and the day on which h(
administered the oath to the legions in the name o
Vespasian, the Kalends of July, A. D. 69, is re
garded as the beginning of that emperor's reign
Alexander afterwards accompanied Titus in the wa:
against Judaea, and was present at the takin
of Jerusalem. (Joseph. An-. Jud. xx. 4. ~ 2
Bell. Jud. ii. 11. ~ 6, 15. ~ 1, 18. ~ 7, 8, iv. 10
~ 6, vi. 4. ~ 3; Tac. Ann. xv. 28, Hist. i. 11, ii
74, 79; Suet. Vesp. 6.)
ALEXANDER TRALLIA'NUS ('AAE-av3po
4 Tpa/xiad6s), one of the most eminent of the an
cient physicians, was born at Tralles, a city o
Lydia, from whence lie derives his name. HIi
date may safely be put in the sixth century afte
Christ, for lie mentions Ahtius (xii. 8, p. 346'
who probably did not write till the end of th
fifth or the beginning of the sixth century, ani
he is himself quoted by Paulus Aegineta (iii. 21.
78, vii. 5, 11, 19, pp. 447, 495, 650, 660, 687'
who is supposed to have lived in the seventh; b(
sides which, he is mentioned as a contemporary b
Agathias (Hist. v. p. 149), who set about writin
his History in the beginning of the reign of Justi
the younger, about A. D. 565. IHe had the ac
vantage of being brought up under his fathes
Stephanus, who was himself a physician (iv.