Geological researches in China, Mongolia, and Japan, during the years 1862-1865.

CHINA, MONGOLIA, AND JAPAN. 85
Porphyry of a similar character occurs at several points on the island.
Ascending the creek, greenstone was found to succeed to the argillaceous rock,
and seems to be the only formation for at least several miles up the valley. In this
are the copper bearing veins, six or eight inches thick, of quartz, containing iron
and copper-pyrites, a little zincblende, and some calcspar in cavities. The mine
had only been opened a short distance.
Near the house there is a warm spring, with a temperature of 48~ C., rising in
the argillaceous rock.
June 4th. Leaving Kakumi, in the afternoon, we rode about three miles to the
fishing village of Wosatzube.
Just east of the village is a promontory formed by an outcrop of beds of black
hornstone.
Fig. 11
Hornstone Strata. Cape Wosatzube.
This rock is stratified in well-defined layers from a few inches to several feet in
thickness. It has a velvety-black color, more rarely with lighter shades, breaks
with conchoidal fracture, and shows, when wetted, a lamellar structure the layers
of which are thin as paper, of black and dark-gray shades. In places it is slightly
brecciated, the interstices being filled with opalescent chalcedony in layers of
infiltration.
I may add that the Japanese mining officials who accompanied us, stated that a
similar rock occurs in close connection with the coal beds on the eastern coast of
Yesso. The trend of the strata at Wosatzube is N. 40 W., the general dip being
northeasterly.
Off the point just described is a spring which bubbles up from the bottom, very
strongly at low water, and quite visibly at high tide.
June 5th. The country east of Wosatzube being impassible for horses, we embarked in a boat propelled by sixteen rowers, and after a voyage of between three
and four hours reached the fishing village of Totohoke. The scenery was very
grand, as the coast is here formed by a wall several hundred feet high, and washed
by the sea at its base. Innumerable waterfalls, some of them very high, and all
beautiful, were seen at the heads of ravines, or falling like vils over the high coast
bluffs. These cascades occur along the entire Japanese coast, and the early navigator Vriess mentions them at almost every step in his narrative.
The rock forming this coast wall seems to be volcanic tufa-conglomerate, with
lava dykes. On examining the rock of the bluff west of Totohoke, it was found to
be indistinctly stratified and made up of round and angular fragments of trachytic
lava inclosed in a gray matrix more or less hard, with earthy fracture, and contain