Part I. Report of progress in 1869, by J. S. Newberry, chief geologist. Part II. Report of progress in the second district, by E. B. Andrews, assist. geologist. Part III. Report on geology of Montgomery County, by Edward Orton, assist. geologist.

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impregnated with iron, taking its name from its stratification and black
color. In its natural condition it contains from 20 to 33 per cent. of iron,
but, by burning off the carbon, it becomes much richer.,This ore is found
and largely used in Mahoning and Tuscarawas counties, and is known to
exist in Columbiana. Sought for by those who know it, it will undoubtedly be discovered in many parts of the State. It smelts with great
facility, making very fusible iron, and such as is especially adapted to
foundry purposes. The kidney ore-an earthy carbonate of iron-generally forms balls or concretions, lying in the shales of the coal formation. Where these shales have been extensively eroded, the ore is cheaply
mined by "stripping;" and was the main dependence of most of our
furnaces previous to the introduction of the crystalline ores. The yield
of the kidney ore in the furnance will average about 33 per cent., or three
tons of ore make one of iron. This ore is found, in greater or less abundance, in every country included with the coal area. The "block" ores
of the coal measures vary much in purity and abundance in different
localities. They are generally strata of limestone charged with iron. In
the southern portion of the State, ore of this character forms a large
number of distinct beds, from two to six feet in thickness, and constitutes
the principal source of supply of some forty furnaces now in blast in that
district.
In certain localities, some of these stratified iron ores near their outcrops are changed from their original condition, have lost their carbonic
acid and have been converted into brown hematite. The average richiess of the stratified ores may be said to be about the same as that of
~he kidney ores-namely, 33 per cent. of metallic iron. The iron furnished by some of them is of very superior quality, as is proved by the
reputation of the celebrated Hanging Rock iron made from these ores.
Probably nowhere in the world are the ores of the coal measures so abundant and so rich and excellent as in the iron district of southern Ohio,
to which I have alluded.
THE MANUFACTUBE OF IRON.
We have now considered briefly the principal elements-the coal and
the ores-that are to form the basis of the great iron industry, which, in
future years, is destined to be developed within our State. It is known
to most persons that, with the fuel and ore, limestone is used in large
quantity in the smelting furnaces; but, as this material is readily attain
able in all localities, it need not now occupy our time. I may say, however, in passing, that a large amount of work needs to be done in our
State in the investigation of the composition of our fluxes and their
adaptation to the ores we most use. In this part of the iron manufacture