Part I. Report of progress in 1869, by J. S. Newberry, chief geologist. Part II. Report of progress in the second district, by E. B. Andrews, assist. geologist. Part III. Report on geology of Montgomery County, by Edward Orton, assist. geologist.

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value of this part of our geology. Many of the sandstones of the Coal
measures furnish excellent building material; the limestones are useful
for quicklime, and in the localities where they contain an unusual percentage of clay, they can be used for the manufacture of hydraulic
cement.
The coal rocks are full of the remains of animal and vegetable life.
In the many years which I have devoted to the study of the geology of
the Coal formation in Ohio, I have collected several hundred species of
these fossils, of which a large number are new to science. Some of the
more interesting species are represented in the drawings which-have
been submitted with the other materials forming our first report.
With the plants, which constitute the most characteristic fossils of the
Coal measures, we have found many shells, fishes and amphibians, and
it is apparent that in this group of rocks we have a store of material
which in its richness is pretty certain to exceed our means of illustration.
The economical value of the mineral staples contained in this portion
of our geological series, is such as to demand somewhat fuller exposition
than I have given of the other subjects touched upon in the preceding
hasty sketch of the geology of our State. I shall therefore venture to
devote several pages each in the chapter on Economic Geology, to topics
so important as COAL and IRON; since they constitute the kraft und
stof, the force and matter of modern material progress.
THE DRIFT.
The materials known as the Drift deposits are beds of sand, gravel
and boulders, which form the surface of a large part of our State, and
which have received the name of Drift, because they are generally foreign
to the localities where they are found, and have been transported (drifted)
sometimes hundreds of miles from their places of origin.
In Ohio we have no geological formations intervening between the
Coal measure and the Drift, and therefore have no representatives of the
Permain, Triassic, Cretaceous or Tertiary. The reason of this is simply
that about the close of the Carboniferous period the Alleghany Mountains were raised, carrying up all the area lying between the Mississippi
and the Atlantic. Since that time ho considerable portion of this region
has been submerged, and therefore no deposits were made upon it during
the ages I have enumerated. West of the Mississippi the land has been
long and often below the ocean level since the Carboniferous period, and
there all the newer formations are well represented.
The phenomena presented by the Drift are very varied and interesting,
and it is evident that the Drift period formed one of the strangest and
most important chapters in all our geological history. Like most of the
formations enumerated in the preceding pages, the Drift deposits have