The bases of the temperance reform: an exposition and appeal./ With replies to numerous objections. By Rev. Dawson Burns.

Io6 Sc-iptllure a,ld the/ Tcmica'cc Qitcstliol.
increase their intoxicating potency; but whenever they
are named in Scripture, in language implying Divine
approbation, there is either a direct or tacit reference to
them as natural bouni/es, the offspring of vital growth,
and no word is ever employed in approbation of them
as fermzenzed liquors. What is said of them, viewed as
intoxicating agents, will be shortly seen.
2. 4 dz'zoe sanclzon is clainzed for " zoiine" and "slron;
drzizk" because they were aihoinz/ed as drizk-of erings under
/he /aw - were a/llowed to be used al sacred festivals, and
were adofi/ed as syizbols of shirziztal blesszizgs by Ihe _ewisk
PioohShels.
Besides what has been already advanced in explanation
of the Hebrew words translated " wine" and " strong
drink," it may now be replied-FIRST, and generaly, that
the burden of proof rests upon Ihose ozho assert thal the or.,,z;zal lters s(~zz,fy an inloz'iaz'n,~ lizuor i/ the passages referredl o. MIere assertion, however bold, is no evidence,
and till evidence is given there is no argument to answer.
All that is certainly known is that yayin (grape-juice in
some state) and shakar (sweet juice in some state) were
appointed, and that if they were used in a natural unfermented state, the command was obeyed. SECONDLY, and
ssbecialy, as to each of the cases cited-(i) The "drin;zkofferizns" were, in reality, libations-liquid offerings to be
poured out, not to be consumed; and it is clear, from the
letter and spirit of the Levitical law, that unfermented
fluids would be in stricter accordance with that ritual than
fermented ones. There were repeated prohibitions against
leaven, and unleavened cakes were in numerous cases
distinctly prescribed. (2) The permission (Deut. xiv. 26)
was that of exchanging /irosA for yayiz, and partaking of
the latter, with the "household," and so rejoicing before
tle Lord. The circumstances do not warrant us to infer
that the vintage-fruit was to be exchanged for intoxicating grape-juice; and if children wvere to partake of the
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