Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

972 PSEUDOCLETEIAS GRAPI- E. PUB1LICAN i.
cey'ypacpzl. It would lie also, where a man was repair. Such action (it has been conjectured)
registered as debtor for more than was really due might be a aisbc 0vCgoqavrlas, or perhaps icacorEXfrom him. And the reader must understand the like vtLv. If the name of the witness had been frauduremedy to be open to one, who was falsely recorded lently used by the plaintiff, and the witness had
as a debtor by the -ra/ieat rJv af&c,. Whether thereby been brought into trouble, we may conthis form of proceeding could be adopted against elude, by analogy to the case of other witnesses,
magistrates for making a false return, or whether that he had a outchm 3Xc~ls against the plaintiff.
the remedy against them could only be at the (Demosth. c. Aplzob. 849.) The ypatj *euvsoEXrXLXpporoaeLC or eVOiVal, we cannot say. The KXIrTfLas camle before the Thesmothetae, and the
ypaq)sl esvaeyypacisi was brought before the question at the trial simply was, whether the deThesmothetae. If the defendant was convicted, fendant in the former cause had been summoned or
the name of the complainant was struck out of the not. (Platner, Proc. szcl Klag. vol. i. p. 417;
register, and that of the defendant was entered in Meier, Att. Proc. pp. 336, 577, 758.) [C. R. K.]
his stead, as debtor for the same amount. The PSEUDODI:PTEROS. [TEMPLUM.]
7ypaspi 0sovXeVeEWs was similar to this; only it lay PSEUDOMARTYRION GRAPHIE (EV3sso.
in those cases where a man, who had been a state IapprvpTpv ypa~q?). [MAeRTY'IA, p. 734, b.]
debtor, had paid all that was due, but his name PSILI (tixoi). [AMtA.]
was not erased, or having been erased, was re- PSYCTER (u/Icr'p, dis. /ucr-qptipLov), a wineentered. We may presume, that fraudulent or cooler. (Plat. Consiv. p. 332, d; Tim. Lexa. Plat.
malicious motives were necessary to be proved on s. v.; Menander, p. 177, ed. Meineke; Athen. xi.
such a charge; but it is reasonable also to suppose pp. 469, 502, 503.) The vessel specially adapted
tlhat in any case of gross negligence, fiaud or for ibis operation, was sometimes made of bronze
malice might (as matter of course) be presumed by (Athen. iv. p. 142) or silver (v. p. 199). One of
the dicasts. (Pollux, viii. 40, 43; Harpoc. and earthenware is preserved in the Museum of AntiSuid. s. vv. BovXevsEcos, /evoeyypaqb'[, ~eusVy'- quities at Copenhagen. It consists of one deep
ypaoos ictcr/; Biickh, PuIbl. Econ. of Athenzs, pp. vessel for holding ice, which is fixed within anlother
349, 390, 2d ed.; Meier, Att. 1Proc. p. 337; for holding wine. The wine was poured in at the
Platner,Proc. und Klar. vol. ii. p. I 1 7.) [C. R. K.] top. It thus surrounded the vessel of ice and was
PSEUDOCLETEIAS GRAPHE (jeRveo- cooled by the contact. It was drawvn off so as to:.;rTELraS ypaOq)), a prosecution against one, who fill the drinking-cups by means of a cock at the
had appeared as a witness (tcmr-r1ip or sc'Tr,-cp) to bottom. Thus the,uVKcTp was a kind of CRATER
prove that a defendant had been duly summoned, and accordingly, where Phylarchus (Cp. Athen. iv.
and thereby enabled the plaintiff to get a judgment p. 142) in describing the mode of life of Cleomencs,
by default. To prevent fraud, the Athenian law King of Sparta, uses the former term, Plutarch
directed that the names of the witnesses who at- (Cleose. p. 1486, ed. Steph.) adopts the latter.
tended the summons should be subscribed to the The size of the sUvc-rp was very various. It
bill of plaint or indictment (7ystc,sa), so that the contained from 2 quarts (Plat. I. c.) to a great
defendant, if he never had been summoned, and. number of gallons. (Athen. v. p. 199, d. f.) It wras
judgment had nevertheless been given against him sometimes given as a prize to the winners in the
by default, might know against whom to proceed. game of the COTTABos. [J. Y.]
The false witness (sc7,'iqp) was liable to be crimi- PUBES, PUBERTAS. [CUvnATOR; lIo1nally prosecuted, and punished at the discretion PUBEs; INF.ANS.]
of the court. Even death might be inflicted in a PUBLICA'NI, farmers of the public revenues
case of gross conspiracy. (Demosth. c.. Nicost. ofthe Roman state (vectigalia). Their name is
1252.) A person thrice convicted of this offence formed from pI2blicis, -which signifies all that bewas, as in the case of other false testimony, ipso longs to the state, and is sometimes used as sy-,jure disfranchised; and even for the first offence the nonylouns awith vectigal. (Dig. 39. tit. 4. s. 1.
jury might, if they pleased, by a 7rpo-OTri*l-is inflict ~ 1; 50. tit. 16. s. 16; Suet. NVero, 1; Cic. pro
the penalty of disfranchlisement upon him. (Andoc. Rubir. Post. 2; Val. Max. vi. 9. ~ 7.) The rede 1ljyst. 10, ed. Steph.; *Meier, de Bonz. Da7zn. venues which Rome derived from conquered coutnp. 125.) IHere we miay observe this distinction, tries, consisting chiefly of tolls, tithes, harbour
that the proceeding against the false witiness to a duties, the scriptura or the tax which was paid
summons was of a criminal nature, while the wit- for the use of the public pasture lands, and the
less in the cause (t'p-rvp) was liable only to a civil duties paid for the use of mines and salt-works
action. The camuse nmight be that the former offence (salinae), were let out, or, as thle Romlans exwas more likely to do mischief. The magistrate, pressed it, were sold by the censors in Rome itself
before whom the defendant neglected to appear, to the highest bidder. (Cic. de Leg. Ags. ii. 21,
when by the evidence of the witness it was show\sn c. Verr. iii. 7.) This sale generally took place ill
that he had been duly summoned, had no discre- the month of Quinctilis and was made for a lustion but to pronounce judgment agaiunst him; trumn. (Macrob. St. i. 12.) The terms on which
whereas the dicasts, to whom the witness gave the revenues were let, were fixed by the censors
false evidence at the trial, might disbelieve him in the so-called eyes cessosriae. (Cic. ad Quint. Frict.
and find their verdict according to the truth. If i. 1; Varro, de le Rust. ii. 1; Fest. s. v. Prothe fraud was owing to a conspiracy between the dsuit.) The people or the senate however sometimles
plaintiff and the witness, it is probable that an modified the terms fixed by the censors in order to
action at the suit of the defendant would lie against raise the credit of the publicani (Plut. Flareisi. 1 9;
the former, to recover compensation; for, though Polyb. vi. 17; Liv. xxxix. 44), and in some cases
the conviction of the witness would lead to a re- even the tribunues of the people interfered in this
versal of the jJudgment, still he (the defendant) branch of the adllnilistration. (Liv;xliii. 16.) The
mighlt have suffered damage in the meantime, tithes raised in the province of Sicily alone, wvitho
which the setting aside of the judgment would not the exception of those of wvine, oil, and garden