Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

PROVINCIA. PROVINSCIA. 967
into four provinces: Narbonensis, Celtica or Lug- tanl expenses were provided for out of the Aecrariurm.
dlunensis, Belgica, and Aquitanlia. The Provincia Augustus first attached pay to the office of proof Caesar's Commentaries, from which term the vincial governor. (Dion Cassius, liii. 15; Sueton.
modern name Provence is derived, appears to have August. 36.)
corresponded to the subsequent province Narbo- The governor of a province had originally to acnensis. He had also the Province of Gallia Cis- count at Rome (ad urblem) for his administration
alpina, or Citerior (Caesar, Bell. Gall. i. 54) which, from his own books and those of his Quaestors;
as already explained, was subsequently incorpo- but after the passing of a Lex Julia B.C. 61, he
rated with Italia as an integral part of it. Cicero was bound to deposit two copies of his accounts
speaks of the two Galliae, as then united in one (rationes) in the two chief cities of his province
Imperium under C. Julius Caesar, and he further and to forward one (totidem verbis) to the Aerarium.
distinguishes them by the names of Citerior and (Cic. ad'cnam. ii. 17, v. 20, ad Attic. vi. 7.) If
Ulterior. (De Prov. Cons. ii. 15, 16.) The same the governor misconducted himself in the adminisexpressions are used by Caesar in his Commen- tration of the province, the provincials applied to
taries. (Bell. Gall. i. 7, v. 1, 2.) the Roman Senate, and to the powerful Romans
Strabo (xvii. p. 840, Casaub.) gives the division who were their Patroni. The offences of Repe.
into Provinces (earpXLas) as constituted by Augus- tundae and Peculatus were the usual grounds of
tus. The provinces of the Populus (8iuos) were two complaint by the provincials; and if a governor
consular provinces (67rassucat), and ten praetorian had betrayed the interests of the State, he was
provinces (orpaTryo'aL). The rest of the eparchies, also liable to the penalties attached to Majestas.
he says, belong to the Caesar. Lusitania is not Quaesticnes were established for inquiries into
enumerated among the eparchies of the Populuts, these offences yet it was not always an easy
and if it was a distinct eparchy, it must have be- matter to bring a guilty governor to the punishlonged to the Caesar according to the principle of ment that he deserved.
the division of the provinces, as stated by Strabo. With the establishment of the Imperial power
The list of provinces in the " Demonstratio Pro- under Augustus, a considerable change was made
vinciarum" (l/ythlog. Vat. Bode) mentions the in the administration of the provinces. Augustus
Province of Asturia et Galloeca Lusitania. Dion took the charge of the provinces where a large
Cassius (liii. 12) states the distribution of the military force wvas required; the rest were left to
Provinces by Augustus as follows: the Provinces the care of the Senate and the Roman people.
of Africa, Numidia, Asia, Hellas (Achaea) with (Strabo, xvii. p. 840.) Accordingly we find in
Epirus, Dalmatia, Macedonia, Sicilia, Creta with the older jurists (Gaius, ii. 21) the division of
the Cyrenaica, Bithynia with the adjacent Pontus, provinciae into those which were "propriae Populi
Sardinia, and Baetica belonged to the Senate and Romani," and those which were' propriae Caethe people (aijjos and yFpouvoa). Tarraconensis, saris," and this division with some modifications
Lusitania, all Gallia, Coele Syria, Phoenice, Cilicia, continued to the third century. The Senatorian
Cyprus, and Aegyptus, belonged to Augustus. He provinces were distributed among consulares and
afterwards took Dalmatia from the Senate, and those who had filled the office of Praetor, two progave to them Cyprus and Gallia Narbonensis, and vinces being given to the consulares and the rest to
other changes were made subsequently. the Praetorii: these governors were called ProAt first Praetors were appointed as governors of consules, or Praesides, which latter is the usual
provinces, but afterwards they wvere appointed to term employed by the old jurists for a provincial
the government of provinces, upon the expiration governor. The Praesides had the jurisdictio of
of their year of office at Rome, and with the title the Praetor Urbanus and the Praetor Pes grinus
of Propraetores. In the later times of the re- and their Quaestors had the same jurisdiction that
public, the consuls also, after the expiration of their the Curule Aediles had at Rome. (Gaius, i. 6.)
year of office, received the government of a province The Imperial provinces were governed by Legati
with the title of Proconsules: such provinces were Caesaris with Praetorian power, the Proconsular
called Consulares. Cicero was Proconsul of Cilicia power being in the Caesar himself, and the Legati
B. C. 55, and his colleague in the consulship, C. being his deputies and representatives. The Legati
Antonius, obtained the proconsulship of Macedonia were selected from those who had been consuls or
immediately on the expiration of his consular office. praetors, or from the Senators. They held their
The provinces were generally distributed by lot, office and their power at the pleasure of the Embut the distribution wavas sometimes arranged by peror; and he delegated to them both military
agreement among the persons entitled to them. command and jurisdictio, just as a Proconsul in
By a Sempronia Lex the proconsular provinces the Republican period delegated these powers to
were annually determined before the election of his Legati. These Legati had also Legati under
the consuls, the object of which was to prevent all them. No quaestors were sent to the provinces of
disputes. A Senatusconsultum of the year 55 the Caesar, and for this reason observes Gaius, tlis
B. C., provided that no consul or praetor should edict (boc edictusm7) is not published in those prohave a province till after the expiration of five vinces, by which he appears, from the context, to
years from the time of his consulship or praetor- mean the edict of the Curule Aediles. In place
ship. A province was generally held for a year, of the quaestors, there were Procuratores Caesaris,
but the time was often prolonged. When a new who were either Equites or freedmen of the Caesar.
governor arrived in his province, his predecessor Egypt was governed by an Eques with the title of
was required to leave it within thirty days. A Praefectus. The Procuratores looked after the
Lex Julia passed in the time of C. Julius Caesar taxes, paid the troops, and generally were intrusted
limited the holding of a Praetoria Provincia to one with the interests of the Fiscus. Judaea, which
year, and a Consularis Provincia to two years. was apart of the province of Syria, was governed
(Dion Cassius, xliii. 25; Cic. Phil. i. 8, v. 3.) The by a Procurator who had the powers of a Legatus.
governors of provinces had no pay as such, but cer- It appears that there were also Procuratores Cae3Q 4