Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

-966 PROVINCIA. PROVINCIA.
of Phrygia, L ydia, Caria, and lMysia were con- jllrisdictio; and those who filled certain n magisfused, and that the Romans had added to the tratus in these towns thereby obtained the Romnan
confusion, by not attending to the subsisting na- Civitas. (Strabo, p. 186, Casaub.) It is not
tional divisions, but making the administrative easy to state what was the precise condition of the
divisions different (r-as 8OLuKcsCeLS), in which are Coloniae Romanae and Latinae which were estathe Fora (&?ydpas MS.) and the administration of blished in the Provinces: if the name is a certain
justice. The word i&y7pa probably represents Con- indication of their political condition, that is pretty
ventus (as to the reading, see Casaubon's note). well ascertained.
The Conventus, it appears, were sometimes held It has been stated that the terms Italia and
(conventus acti) in the winter (Caesar, Bell. Gall. Provinciae are opposed to one another as the comi. 54, vi. 44); but in Caesar's case this might be a ponent parts of the Roman State, after it had rematter of convenience. Cicero proposed to do the ceived its complete developement. Under the Emsame in his province (ad Att. v. 14). The ex- perors wve find Gallia Cisalpina or Citerior an inpression "forum agere" is equivalent to "con- tegral part of Italy and without a governor, the
ventum agere." (Praetor Romanus conventus agit, Provincial organization having entirely disappeared
Liv. xxxi. 29.) there. In the year B. c. 49 when Caesar crossed
The Conventus were attended by the Romans the Rubicon on his march towards Rome, it was a
who were resident in the province, among whom Province of which he was Proconsul, a circumstance
were the publicani, and generally by all persons which gives a distinct meaning to this event.
who had any business to settle there. The judices Cicero still calls it Provincia Gallia at the epoch
for the decision of suits were chosen from the per- of the battle of Mutina. In the autumn of B. c.
sons who attended the conventus. Other acts 43 D. Brutus the Proconsul of the Provincia
were also done there, which were not matters of Gallia was murdered, and from that tinme we hear
litigation but which required certain forms in order of no more Proconsuls of this Province, and it is a
to be legal. In the case of manumission by per- reasonable conjecture that those who then had all
sons under thirty years of age certain forms were the political power were unwilling to allow any
required by the Lex Aelia Sentia, and in the pro- person to have the command of an army in a disvinces it was effected on the last day of the Con- trict so near to Rome. The name Italia was howventus (Gaius, i. 20); from which it appears that ever applied to this part of Italia before it became
Conventus means also the time during which busi- an integral portion of the Peninsula by ceasing to
ness was transacted at the place " in quem conve- be a Provincia. (Caesar, Bell. Gall. i. 54, v. 1, vi.
niebant." 44, &c.; Cic. Phil. v. 12.) On the determination
The governor upon entering on his duties pub- of the Provincial form of government in Gallia
lished an edict, which was often framred upon the Cisalpina, it was necessary to give to this part of
Edictum Urbanum. Cicero when Proconsul of Italy a new organization suited to the change of
Cilicia says that as to somle matters he framed an circumstances, particularly as regarded the adminisedict of his own, and as to others he referred to tration of justice, which was effected by the Lex
the Edicta Urbana. (Acl Aft. vi. 1.) Though Rubria de Gallia Cisalpina. The Proconsul of
the Romans did not formally introduce their law Gallia Cisalpina had the Imperiumi, but on his
into the provinces, and so much of it as applied functions ceasing, the Jurisdictio was placed in the
to land and the status of persons was inapplicable hands of local magistrates who had not the Impeto Provincial land and Provincial persons, great rium. These magistratus could give a judex; in
changes were gradually introduced by the edictal some cases their jurisdiction was unlimited; in
power both as to the forms of procedure and all others it did not extend to cases above a certain
other matters to which the Roman Law was ap- amount of money; they could remit a novi operis
plicable; and also by special enactments. (Gaius, nuntiatio, require a Cautio in case of Damnumm Ini. 183, 185, iii. 122.) fectum, and if it was not given, they could grant
There was one great distinction between Italy an action for damages.
and the Provinces as to the nature and property in The Roman provinces up to the battle of Actilum
land. Provincial land could not be an object of as enumerated by Sigonius are: Sicilia; Sardinia
Quiritarian ownership, and it was accordingly ap-. et Corsica; Hispania Citerior et Ulterior; Ga!propriately called Possessio. The ownership of lia Citerior; Gallia Narbonensis et Coinata; I1Provincial land was either in the Populus or the lyricum; Macedonia; Achaia; Asia; Cilicia;
Caesar: at least this was the doctrine in the time Syria; Bithynia et Pontus; Cyprus; Africa; Cyof Gaius (ii. 7). Provincial land could be trans- renaica et Creta; Numidia; Mauritania. Those
ferred without the forms required in the case of of a subsequent date which were either new, or
Italian land, but it was subject to the payment of arose from division are according to Sigonius:
a land-tax (vectigal). Sometimes the Jus Italicurn Rhaetia; Noricum; Pannonia; Moesia; Dacia
was given to certain provincial towns, by which Britannia; Mauritania Caesariensis and Tingitheir lands were assimilated to Italian land, for all tana; Aegyptus; Cappadocia; Galatia; Rhodus;
legal purposes. With the Jus Italicum such towns Lycia; Commagene; Judaea; Arabia M Iesoporeceived a free constitution like that of the towns tamia; Armenia; Assyria. The accuracy of this
of Italy, with magistrates, as decemviri, quin- enumeration is not warranted. It will appear that
quennales (censores) and aediles; and also a juris- it does not contain Lusitania, which is one of the
dictio. It was a ground of complaint against Piso two divisions of Hispania Ulterior, the other being
that he exercised jurisdictio in a Libera Civitas. Baetica: Lusitania may however not have had a
(Cic. de Prov. Cons. 3.) Towns possessing the separate governor. Originally the whole of Spain,
Jus Italicum in Ijispania, Gallia and other coun- so far as it was organized, was divided into the two
tries are enumerated. The Latinitas or Jus Latii provinces Citerior and Ulterior; the division of
also, which was conferred on many provincial Ulterior into Baetica and Lusitaniabelonged to a
towIns, appears to have carried witll it a certain later period. Under Augustus Gallia wlas divide-l