Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

PROVINCIA. PIRO1VINCIA. 9G65
annually sent from Rome. He was assisted by and maintain soldiers and sailors for the service of
two Quaestors and was accompanied by a train of Rome, and to pay tributuill for the carrying on of
praecones, scribae, haruspices, and other persons, wars. The governor could take provisions for the
who formed his Cohors. The Quaestors received use of himself and his cohors on condition of payfiom the Roman aerarium the necessary sums for ing for them. The Roman State had also the
the administration of the island, and they also col- Portoria which were let to farm to Romans at
lected the taxes, except those which were let by Rome.
the Censors at Rome. One quaestor resided at The governor had complete Jurisdictio in the
Lilybaeum, and the other with the governor or island with the Imperilum and Potestas. Ile could
Praetor at Syracusae. The governor could dismiss delegate these powers to his quaestors, but there
the quaestors from the province, if they did not was always an appeal to him, and for this and
conform to his orders, and could appoint Legati to other purposes he made circuits through the difdo their duties. The whole island was not treated ferent Conventus.
exactly in the same way. Seventeen conquered Such was the organization of Sicilia as a protowns forfeited their land, which was restored vince, which may be taken as a sample of the
on condition of the payment of the decimae and general character of Roman provincial government.
the scriptura. But this restoration must not be Sicily obtained the Latinitas from C. Julius Caesar,
understood as meaning that the ownership of the and the Civitas was given after his death (Cic. ad
land was restored, for the Roman State became the Att. xiv. 12); but notwithstanding this there reowner of the land, and the occupiers had at most mained some important distinctions between Sicily
a Possessio. These taxes or dues were let to farm and Italy. The chief authority for this account of
by the censors at Rome. Three cities, Messana, the Provincial organization of Sicily is the Verrine
Tauromeniumn and Netum, were made Foederatae orations of Cicero.
Civitates and retained their land. [FOEDaERATAE IIispania was formed into two Provinces, Citerior
CIVITATES.] Five other cities, among which were or Tarraconensis between the Iberus and the
Panormns and Segesta, were Liberae et Immunes, Pyrenees, and Ulterior or Baetica south of the
that is, they paid no decimae; but it does not ap- Iberus. Ilispania Citerior was divided into seven
pear whether they were free- from the burdens to Conventus, —Carthaginiensis, Tarraconensis, Caewhich the Foederatae Civitates as such were sub- saraugustanus, Cluniensis, Asturum, Lucensis, alsd
ject by virtue of their Foedus with Rome. Before Bracarunm. The diversity of the condition of tile
the Roman conquest of Sicily, the island had been several parts of the Province appears from the
subject to a payment of the tenth of awine,'oil, and enumeration of Coloniae, Oppida Civium Romnaother products, the collecting of which had been norum, Latini veteres, Foederati, Oppida stipendetermined with great precision by a law or re- diaria. Ilispania Baetica was divided into four
gulation of King Hiero (Lex Ilierozaicac). The Juridici conventus,- Gaditanus, Cordubensis,
regulations of Hiero were preserved and these Astigitanus, Hispalcnsis. The oppida consisted of
tenths were let to farm by the Quaestors in Sicily Coloniae, Municipia, Latio antiquitus donata, which
to Sicilians and Romans settled in Sicily: the appear to be equivalent to Latini veteres, Libera,
tenths of the first-mentioned towns were let to Foederata, Stipendiaria. (Plin. H.N.iii. 1,3.) The
farm to Romans in Rome. The towns which paid Provincia of Lusitania was divided into three Conthe tenths were called by the general name of ventus, - Emeritensis, Pacensis, and Scalobitanlus.
Stipendiariae. The classes of Oppida enumerated are Coloniae,
For the administration of justice the island was Mtunicipia Civium RomanorumOppida Latii antiqui
divided into Fora or Conventus, which were terri- or veteris, Stipendiaria. (Plin. H. N. iv. 22.) This
torial divisions. Sicilians who belonged to the example -will give some idea of the Roman mode
same town had their disputes settled according to of administering a provinice for judicial purposes.
its laws; citizens of different towns had their dis- All Hispania received the Latinitas from Vespasiall.
putes decided by judices appointed by the go- (Plin. H..Nii.3.) The provincepaid a fixedvectivernor; in case of disputes between an individual gal or land-tax in addition to the tributum which
and a community, the Senate of any Sicilian town was collected by Praefecti, and in addition to being'
might act as judices, if the parties did not choose required to deliver a certain quantity of corn. And
to have as judices the Senate of their own towns; the Praetor had originally the right to purchase a
if a Roman citizen sued a Sicilian, a Sicilian was twentieth part at what price he pleased. (Liv. xliii,
judex; if a Sicilian sued a Roman citizen, a Ro- 2; compare Tacit. Agric. 19; and Cic. iii Ver.
man was judex; but no person belonging to the iii. 81, de aestizsatosfs iluento.)
Cohors of a Praetor could be judex. These were This organization was not confined to the Westernl
the provisions of the Rupiliae Leges. Disputes Provinces. In Asia, for instance, there was a
between the lessees of the tenths and the Aratores Smyrnacus Conventus which was frequented by
were decided according to the rules of Hiero. (Cic. a great part of Aeolia; the term conventus was
Verr. ii. 13.) The settlement of the Municipal applied both to the territorial division made for
constitution of the towns was generally left to the the administration of justice and also to the chief
citizens; but in some instances, as in the case of city or place "in quem conveniebanlt." Ephesus
C. Claudius Marcellus and the town of Alesa, a gave name to another Conventus. As the Conconstitution was given by some Roman at the re- ventus were mainly formed for judicial purposes,
quest, as it appears, of the town. The Senate and the term Jurisdictio is sometimas used as an equlithe People still continued as the component parts valent. Thus Pliiy (H. N. v. 29) speaks of the
of the old Greek cities. Cicero mentions a body Sardiana Jurisdictio, which is the same as Sarof 130 men called censors who were appointed to dianus conventus. The object of this division is
take the census of Sicily every five years, after further shown by such phrases as "eodem disceptdle fashion of the Roman census (is l'rr. ii. tant foro," " Tarracone disceptant populi xliii."
L5i &e.) The island was also bound to furnish Strabo remarks (xiii. p. 629) that the boundaries
3Q 3