Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

AMPHICTYONES. AMPHICTYONES. 79
heAXeaOrO: and induere by eiv8'veuv. Hence came idea; but we may safely believe them to have been
pse~'SpLS, &buEX4V1, re, riCx711Ca and e7rLAiaeovs, associations of originallyneighbouringtribes, formed
irep1iX-tAa and 7repLdAaOov,, an outer garment, and for the regulation of mutual intercourse, and the
9vuaya, an inner garment, a tunic, a shirt. [J.Y.] protection of a common temple or sanctuary, at which
AMMA (/&iuAa), a Greek measure of length, the representatives of the different members met,
equal to forty JrxXELs (cubits), or sixty 7rdaes (feet). to transact business and celebrate religious rites
It was used in measuring land. (Hero, De en- and games. This identity of religion, coupled
sulis.) [P. S.] with near neighbourhood, and that too in ages of
AMNE'STIA (/u',o'rlTa), is a word used by remote antiquity, implies in all probability a certhe later Greek writers, and from them borrowed tain degree of affinity, which might of itself proby the Romans, to describe the act or arrangement duce unions and confederacies amongst tribes so
by which offences were forgotten, or regarded as situated, regarding each other as members of the
if they had not been committed, so that the of- same great family. They would thus preserve
fender could not be called to account for them. among themselves, and transmit to their children,
The word is chiefly used with reference to the a spirit of nationality and brotherhood; nor could
offences committed, or alleged to have been com- any better means be devised than the bond of a
mitted, against the laws, during those conflicts of common religious worship, to counteract the hostile
opposing factions which so often occurred in the interests which, sooner or later, spring up in all
Greek republics, and in which the victorious large societies. The causesandmotives from which
party usually took a sanguinary vengeance upon we might expect such institutions to arise, existed
its opponents. So rare, indeed, were the ex- in every neighbourhood; and accordingly we find
ceptions to this course of vengeance, that there is many Amphictyoniae of various degrees of importonly one case of amnesty in Greek history, which ance, though our information respecting them is
requires any particular notice. This was the am- very deficient.
nesty which terminated the struggle between the Thus we learn from Strabo, that there was one of
democratical and oligarchical parties at Athens, some celebrity whose place of meeting was a sancand completed the revolution by which the power tuary of Poseidon (Miiller, Doerins, ii. 10. ~ 5;
of the Thirty Tyrants was overthrown, B. C. 403. Strab. viii. p. 374) at Calauria, an ancient settleIt was arranged by the mediation of the Spartan ment of the Ionians in the Saronic Gulf. The original
king Pausanias, and extended to all the citizens members were Epidaurus, Hermione, Nauplia,
who had committed illegal acts during the recent Prasiae in Laconia, Aegina, Athens, and the Boeotroubles, with the exception of the Thirty and tian Orchomenus (Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, vol. i.
the Eleven, and the Ten who had ruled in Pei- p. 375); whose remoteness from each other makes it
raeus; and even they were only to be excepted in difficult to conceive what could have been the mo-*
case of their refusal to give an account of their tives for forming the confederation, more especially
government; their children were included in the as religious causes seem precluded by the fact, that
amnesty, and were permitted to reside at Athens. Troezen, though so near to Calauria, and though
An addition was made to the oath of the senators, Poseidon was its tutelary god, was not a member.
binding them not to receive any endeinis or apagoge In after times, Argos and Sparta took the place of
on account of anything done before the amnesty, Nauplia and Prasiae, and religious ceremonies were
the strict observance of which was also imposed the sole object of the meetings of the association.
by an oath upon the dicastae. (Xen. Hellen. ii. There also seems to have been another in Argolis
4. ~~ 38-43; Andoc. de Myst. p. 44; Dem. (Strab. i. c.; Pausan. iv. 5) distinct from that of
in Boeot. p. 1018; Nepos, Tizrasybul. 3, who Calauria, the place of congress being the'Hpa-ov,,
makes a confusion between the Ten Tyrants of or temple of Hera. Delos, too, was the centre of
Peiraeus and the Ten who succeeded the Thirty an Amphictyony - the religious metropolis, or
in the city; Taylor, Lysiae Vita; Wachsmuth,'IaTin vnYiowv of the neighbouring Cyclades, where
Helen. Altertl. vol. i. pp. 646, 647, new edition; deputies and embassies (aewpot) met to celebrate
Hermann, Polit. Antiq. of Greece, ~ 169.) religious solemnities, in honour of the Dorian Apollo,
The form of the word is incorrectly given in and apparently without any reference to political
some modern works as a&uvao'eiea. But even the objects. (Muller, ii, 3, ~ 7; Callim. flymn. 325.)
genuine form only belongs to later Greek; being The system indeed was by no means confined to
used only by Plutarch (Cic. 42, Anton. 14), Hero- the mother country; for the federal unions of the
dian (iii. 4. ~ 17, v. 4. ~ 18, viii. 12. ~ 6), Philo, Dorians, Ionians, and Aeolians, living on the west
and still later writers. The better writers used coast of Asia Minor, seem to have been Amphic6Seta, and the verbal form is ovr ouv'lacKrcce7v. Re. tyonic in spirit, although modified by exigencies of
specting the supposed allusion to the word by situation. Their main essence consisted in keepCicero, see Facciolati, s. v. [P. s.1 ing periodical festivals in honour of the acknowAMPHIARAIA (&/<psapdra), games celebrated ledged gods of their respective nations. Thus the
in honour of the ancient hero Amphiaraus, in the Dorians held a federal festival, and celebrated reneighbourhood of Oropus, where he had a temple ligious games at Triopium, uniting with the worship
with a celebrated oracle. (Schol. ad Pind. 01. vii. of their national god Apollo that of the more an154; the rites observed in his temple are de- cient and Pelaegic Demeter. The Ionians met for
scribed by Pausanias (i. 34. ~ 3.; K. F. Hermann, similar purposes in honour of the Heliconian PoLehrb. d. gottesdienstl. Alterth. d. Griechen, ~ 63. seidon * at Mycale,-their place of assembly being
n. 1.) [L. S.] called the Panionium, and their festival Panionia.
AMPHI'CTYONES('AIqbuc'doSVes),members The twelve towns of the Aeolians assembled at
of an Amphictyonia ('Alupucruo'ia or'A/PLpa'rTorvia). Grynea, in honour of Apollo. (Herod. i. 144, 148,
Institutions called Amphictyonic appear to have
existed in Greece from time immemorial. Of their * Poseidon was the god of the Ionians, as
nature and object history gives us only a general Apollo of the Dorians. Miiller, Dor. ii. 10. ~. 5.