Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

990 PITLE ITS. PILEUS.
the British Museum, and shows the mode of wearing the petasus tied under the chin. In other in-,stances, it is tied behind the neck instead of being
tied before it. (See the next woodcut.) Vrery
frequently we observe a boss on the top of the petasus, in the situation in which it appears ill the
-woodcuts, pages 259, 379. In these woodcuts
and in that here introduced the brim of the petasus
is surmounted by a crown. Frequently the crown
is in the form of a skull-cap; we also find it surrounded with a very narrow brim. The Greek
petasus in its most common form agreed with the
cheapest. hats of undyed felt, now made in Elgland. On the heads of rustics and artificers iin
//1l!X\ /s ~ our streets anld lanes we often see forms the exact
counterpart of those w-hich we most admire in the
~4, w.;sI works of ancient art. The petasus is also still
~/,; 1\,k i;!!conmlonly worn by agricultural labourers in Greece
z/ 7&.v. and Asia Minor. In ancient times it was preferred to.the skull-cap as a protection from the sun
(Sueton. Auzg. 82), and on this account Caligula
permitted the Roman senators to wear it at the
theatres. (Dion Cass. lix. 7.) It was used by
shepherds (Cgllim. F'Jrog. 125), hunters, and travellers. (,Platt. Anephiter. Prol. 143, i. 1. 287,
Pseud. ii. 4. 45, iv. 7. 90; Brunck, Anal. ii. 170.)
The annexed woodcut is from a fictile vase belong.
ing to Mr. Hope (Costeumt, i. 71), and it repreconical form, though benlt forwardts and down- sents e reldier hi hatand pallium.'lse
wards. By some Asiatic nations iit was worn
erect, as by the Sacae, whose stiff.peaked caps
Ilerodotus describes under the name of cvpgacriae.
The form of those worn by the Armenians (rLAoQdpOL'ApEeriolt, Brunck, Anal. -ii. 146) is shown
on various coins, which were struck in the reign
of Verus on occasion of the successes of the Roman
army in Armenia, A. n. 161. It is sometimes
erect, but sometimes bent downwrards or truncated.
The truncated conical lhat is most distinctly seen
on two of the Sarmatians in the group at page 213. i
Among the Romans the cap of felt'Was the
emblem of liberty. When a slave obtained -his
freedom lie had his head shaved, and wore instead
of his hair an undyed pileus (7riteoO AeVcO'v, Diod.
Sic. Exe. Leg. 22. p. 625, ed.'WSess.; Platnt. \
Ampit. i. 1. 306; Persiuts, v. 82). Hence the
phrase servos ad pileum veocare is a sulmmuons to
liberty, by which slaves wvere frequently called
upon to take up arms with a promise of liberty.
(Liv. xxiv. 32.) The figure of Liberty on some
of the coins of Antoninus Pius, struck A. D. 145, 1
holds this cap in the right ha nd. _l
In contradistinction to the various forms of the i ---
felt cap now described, we have -to consider others -
more nearly corresponding with the hats worn by
Europeans in modern times. The Greek word ordinary dress of the Athenian ephebi, well exlhi
7reTaros, dimn. 7re&-oov', derived from 7re-rds'vvgu, bited in the Panathenaic Frieze of the Parthenon,
"4 to expand," acId adopted by the Latins in the now preserved in the British Museum, was the hat
form petasus, dim. petoasuncubtles, well expressed the and scarf. [CHILAaxYS.] (Brunck, Aarl. i. 5,
distinctive shape of these hats. WVhat was taken ii. 41; Philemon, p. 367, ed. Meineke; Pollux,
from their height was added to their width. Those x. 164.) Among imaginary beings the same cosalready described had no brim: the petasus of tumue was comnmoily attributed to Mercury (Arnob.
every variety had a brim, which was either exactly (adv. Gent. vi.; iMartianus Capella, ii. 176; Ephipor nearly circular, and which varied greatly in its pus ap. Athzen. xii. p. 537. f), and sometimes to
width. In some cases it is a circular disk without the Diosceuri.
any crown at all, and often there is only a depres- Ancient authors mention three varieties of the
sion or'slight concavity in this disk fitted to the petasus, the Thessalian (Dion Cass.. c.; Callilm.
top of the head. Of this a beautiful example is Frag. 124; Schol. in Sop/1s. Oed. 6Co. 316), the
presented in a recumbent statue of Endymion, Arcadian (Brunck, Anal. ii. 384; Diog. Lalrt. vi.
habited as a hunter, and sleeping on his scarf: 102), and the Laconian (Arrian. Tact. p. 12, ed.
this statue' belongs to the Townley Collection in Blancardi); but they do not say in what the dif