Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

88s PERA. PERG!ULA.
to him for the purchase of a horse (aes equestse), preceding woodcut is the representation of a goat.
and also in respect of the allowance for the food of herd with his staff and wallet from the column of
his horse (aes hordearium), upon what belonged to Theodosius, formerly at Constantinople. (Menes-.
the person whose duty it was to make the pay- trier, Description de lae Col. Hist. Par. 1702. pl.
ment. Originally, such payments were fixed upon 16.) [J. Y.]
particular persons, and not made out of the Aera- PERDUE'LLIO. [MAJESTAS, p. 725.]
rium (Liv. i. 43; Gaius, iv. 27). The Law of the PERDUELLIO'NIS DUU'MVIRI were two
Twelve Tables allowed a pignoris capio in respect officers or judges appointed for the purpose of tryof pay due for the hire of a beast, when the hire ing persons who were accused of the'crime of
money was intended for a sacrifice. By a special perduellio. Niebuhr believes that they were the
law (the name is not legible in the MS. of Gaius) same as the quaestores parricidii, and Walter(Gesc/.
the publicani had the right pignoris capionis in re- des Rimn. Reelds, p. 24. note 19) agrees with him,
spect of vectigalia publica which were due by any though in a later part of his work (p. 855. note
lex. The thing was seized (pignus capiebatur) 20) he admits that they were distinct. It apwith certain formal words, and for this reason it pears from a comparison of the followilng passages,
was by some considered to be a legis actio. Others - Liv. i. 26; Dig. i. tit. 2. s. 2. ~ 23; Fest. s. v.
did not allow it to be a legis actio, because the Parcici and Sororimnn,-either that some of the
proceeding was extra jus, that is, not before the ancient writers confound the duumviri perduelPraetor, and generally also in the absence of the lionis and the quaestores parricidii, or that, at
person whose property was seized. The pignus least during the kingly period, they were the
could also be seized on a dies nefastus, or one on same persons; for in giving an account of the
which a legis actio was not permitted. same occurrence, some writers call the judges
It appears from a passage of Gains, in which he quaestores parricidii, while others call them duemspeaks of the legal fiction that was afterwards in- viri perduellionis. After the establishment of the
troduced into the Formula by which the publicani republic, however, there can be no doubt that
recovered the vectigalia, that the thing seized was they were two distinct offices, for the quaestores
only taken as a security and was redeemed by were appointed regularly every year, whereas tile
payment of the sum of money in respect of which duninviri were appointed very rarely and only
it was seized. In case of non-payment, there must in cases of emergency, as had been the case durins
however have been a power of sale, and accordingly the kingly period. (Liv. ii. 41, vi. 20; Dion Cass.
this pignoris capio resembled in all respects a xxxvii. 27.) Livy (i. 26) represents the duumviri
pignus proper, except as to the want of consent on perduellionis as being appointed by the kings, but
the part of the person whose property was seized. from Junius Gracchanus (Dig. 1. tit. 13. s. 1; comIt does not appear whether this legis actio was the pare Tacit. Annal. xi. 22) it appears that they
origin of the law of pledge, as subsequently de- were proposed by the king and appointed by the
veloped; but it seems not improbable. (Gaius, iv. populus (reges populi sfi~'agio creabaszt). During
26, &c.; Cic. Jer5r. iii. 11; Pignoris capio, Gell. the early part of the republic they were appointed
vii. 10.) [G. L.] by the comitia curiata, and afterwards by the
PERA, dim. PE'RULA (7ripa),a-;wallet, made comitia centuriata, on the proposal of the consuls.
of leather, worn suspended at tthe side by rustics (Dig. 1. tit. 2. s. 2. ~ 23; Cic. prso Rabir. 4, &c.)
and by travellers to carry their provisions (Mart. In the case of Rabirius (B. c. 63), however, this
xiv. 81) and adopted in imitation of them by the custom was violated, as the duumviri were alpCynic philosophers. (Diog. Laert. vi. 13; Brinck, pointed by the praetor instead of by the comnitia
Anal. i. 223, ii. 22, 283; Auson. Epli. 53.) The centuriata. (Dion Cass.. c.; Cic. 1. c.; Suet. Caes.
12.) In the time of the emperors no duumnviri
perduellionis were ever appointed.;S ~The punishment for those who were found guilty
of perduellio was death; they were either hanged
on the arbor' i7fhlix or thrown from the Tarpeian
rock. But when the duumviri found a person
guilty, he might appeal to the people (in early times
\ the populus, afterwards the comitia centuriata), as
was done in the first case which is on record (Liv.
i. 26), and in the last, which is that of Rabiriuts
/a 3 l R/5l whom Cicero defended before the people in an
oration still extant. Marcus Horatius who had
slain his sister, was acquitted, but was nevertheless obliged to undergo some symbolical punish(I K \ W We/ / /1l1/l ~inment, as he had to pass under a yoke with his
head covered. The house of those who were exe-, lAJ;i 1l M / /,)V r I cuted for perduellio, was razed to the ground, and
their relatives were not allowed to mourn for them.
(Dig. 3. tit. 2. s. 11. ~ 3; comp. Becker, Hasndtvlo
lder RXon. Alterth. ii. 2. p. 329, &c.) [L,. S.]
EL W/ -- / / \PEREGRI'NUS. [CIVITAS (RoMAN.)]
_ l -l 131 / / g _ _g /__ PE'RGULA, appears to have been a kind of,
t: _ booth or small house, which afforded scarcely any
i protection except by its roof, so that those who
passed by could easily look into it. It served
-a_,~'___:-._'....both as a workshop (Dig. 5. tit. 1. s. 19) and a
stall where things were exhibited for sale, We