Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

PEPIEUM. PER PIGNORIS CAPIONEM. 885
entirely Oriental (Bapedpcwv qsOduaraa, Eurip. Ion,
1159); those of the most splendid dyes and curious
workmanship were imported from Tyre and Sidon
(Hom. II. vi. 289-294): a whole book was written
by Polemo "Concerning the Shlawls at Carthlage."
(Athen. xii. p. 541.) Hence " Shawls" (7rrorAo,.~,-..~ > Clem. Alex. Strom. vi. 1. p. 736, ed. Potter) was
one of the titles of works of an imaginative or
-ZII\ descriptive character, and was adopted to intimate
Il\ \'i'y arthe variety of their subjects and. the beautiful mode'/!. \'\ ~'\i'\.1 of displaying them.. A. book, intended to depict
some of the characters in the Iliad, and denonii\?\ 2 t/ nated "The Shawl," was ascribed to Aristotle.
K (Eustath. i? 1. ii. 557.) Varro also wrote a Peplogaphy (resrAXoypapla, Cic. ad Att. xvi. 11.) As
1 //i: 1ll -.l l l \ a specimen of the subjects delineated a shawl may
1J/\ /'/t/,ti/ 11. \-\ be mentioned, which exhibited the frame of the
j S1d-I vix i world. (Mart. Capella, L. vi. in Mattaire's C'or-,l' 1/3;'- / 1 pts Poetarutm, vol. ii. p. 1446.) Euripides describes
)~~~~~~~ / RSTI 7G rl one which represented the sun, moon, and stars,,t ~~~~~~ f /!!j /},}/1lr t / and which, with various others containing hunting/ / /lifi J//js,) 1, pieces and a great variety of subjects, belonged to
the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and was used to
form a magnificent tent for the purpose of an entertainment (Ion, 1141-1162); for it is to be ob4and over it an ample sivwl which she passes e served, that stores of shawls were not'only kept by
and over it an ample shawl, which she passes en- weathy irdi-iduals (Hom. Ocl xv 104 1(8)
tirely round her body and then throws the loose..
but often constituted a very important part of the;
extremity of it over her left shoulder and behind treasures of a temple (Eurip Ion, 329, 330), ha1in
her back, as is distinctly seen in the sitting figure. been presented to the divinity on iumerous occThe shawl was also often worn so as to cover the sions by suppliants and devotees. (1-o. II. vi.271
head while it enveloped the body, and more espe- -34 Vrg.. i. 480,. 2-35.) [omcially on occasion of a funeral (see woodcuts, p. P4STO2HC -
pare DONAR-IA; PANATH.ENArt; PASTOrHO557), or of a marriage, when a very splendid shawl RUs.
the hride. RUS.]' [J. Y.]
(rn s, 1 llaccab. i. 27) was worl by the bride. PER CONDICTIO'NEM. This Legis Actio,
The following woodcut (from Bartoli, Ademir. Roa. Gai was so clled ecuse the platiffg
Ant. pl. 57) may be supposed to represent the mo- otice s, w as so called because the plaintiff gave
ment when the bride, so veiled, is delivered to her otice to the defendant to be present o th
thirtieth day after the notice in order that a judex
husband at the door of the nuptial chamber. He
mignht be appointed. (Comp. Gell. x. 24.) It was
wears the PALLIUM only; she has a long shift be- an actio in ersonam and applicable to those cases
neath her shawl, and is supported by the pronuba. in hich the plsintia rea licae b the dee t to
in which the plaintiff required' the defendant to
give something (qza intenclit dari oportere). This
Legis Actio was introduced by a Lex Silia in the
tw li'u i case of a fixed sum of money (certe pecunia), -anid
>/|ll (\t by a Lex Calpurnia in the case of any definite
~( po'.N~ z).~( x W ]4 \ X'X~ t\, thing. Gains observes that it does not appear why
/ this form of action was needed, for in a case of
"dari oportere" there was the Sacramentum, and
% t i~ 1the Per Judicis postulationem. The name Condictio was applied to actiones in personam, after
the legis actiones fell into disuse, though improperly, for the notice (denustiatio) whence the legis...//ll l1e//'f3X ltig actio took its name was discontinued. (Gaius, iv.
/X >l/XiitX 1g 01 A /t t\R.18, &c.) [G. L.]
I/: -n!! "'/ "~ PER JUDICIS POSTULATIO'NEM was
/,/' //[l/>gi, I2,c/ii, 1/ one of the Legis Actiones. The passage in Gaios
is wanting in which this form of action is described.
i Ij I i3|There are some remarks on this Actio by Puchta,
___- ~ J~ tInst. ii. ~ 154, 162. [G. L.]
PER MANUS INJECTIO'NEM. [MAN UE
Thus veiled the poets represented Aurora and INJECTIO.]
Night, but with this difference, that the one arose PER PI'GNORIS CAPIO'NEM or CAPexpanding a shawl dyed with saffron (Kcpocsre7rrXo| TIO'NEM. This was one of the Legis Actiones
"'Hos, Hom. II. viii. 1, xxiii. 227), whereas ablack or old Forms of procedure, which in some cases
one enveloped the other (bceXadusrevrAos N4b, Eurip. was founded on custom (smos), in others on enactIon, 1150). meuts (lex). It was founded on military usage in
Of all the productions of the loom slhawls were the following cases. A soldier might seize as a
those on which the greatest skill and labour were pledge: (pig#zts capere) anything belonging to the
bestowed. So various and tasteful were the sub- person who had to furnish the aes militare, incase
jects which they represented, that poets delighted I he did not make the proper payments; he might
to describe them. The art of weaving them wa;s also nlake a seizure in' respect of the money due
3L 3