Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

PENTATHLON. PENTATIILON. 883
called Archemachus, in his Euboica. (Athen. vi. Aanthol. Palat. vol. ii. p. 626, ed. Jacobs), which
p. 264.) ~" The Aeolian 13oeotians who did not were all performed in one day and in a certain
emigrate when their country Thessaly was con- order, one after the other, by the same athletae.
quered by the Thessalians (compare Thuc. i. 12), (Schol. ad Soph. El. 691; Paus. iii. 11. ~ 6.) The
surrendered themselves to the victors on condition pentathlon was introduced in the Olympic games
that they should not be carried out of the country in 01. 18, and we may presume that soon after this
(whence, he adds, they were formerly called it was also introduced at the other national games,
MsVE'oral, but afterwards IeE,4'Tat), nor be put to as well as at some of the less important festivals,
death, but should cultivate the land for the new such as the Erotidia in Thespiae. (Bickh, Corp.
owners of the soil, paying by way of rent a portion Inscript. n. 1 590.)
of the produce of it: and many of them are richer The order in which the different games of the
than their masters." They were also called pentathlon followed one another has been the subAdTpels. It appears then that they occupied an ject of much discussion in modern times. The most
intermediate position between freemen and pur- probable opinion, however, is Bickh's (Commnent.
chased slaves, being reduced to servitude by con- ad Pind. Nero. vii. 71, &c.), which has been adopted
quest, and resembling, in their fixed payments, by Dissen, Krause, and others, although G. Herthe'Eacrs uptosr L of Attica. Moreover, they were mann has combated it in a little work called De
not subject to the whole community, but belonged Soyenis Aegizetae victoria quizquerit. Lipsiae 1822.
to particular houses, whence also they were called The order adopted by BOcklh is as follows:OeooaXoLKtE'at. They were very numerous, for 1. The ahA/ma. This was the most prominent part
instance, in the families of the Aleuadae and of the pentathlon, and was sometimes used to deScopadae. (Theocr. xvi. 35; Miiller, Dor. iii. 4. signate the whole game. It was accompanied by
~ (i.) We may add that amongst the Thessalian flute-music. (Pans. v. 7. ~ 4, v. 17. ~ 4.) Other
Penestae Theopompus includes the descendants of writers, as Pausanias himself (vi. 14. ~ 5) and
the conquered MIagnesians and Perrhaebians Plutarch (De Alnts. c. 26) speak as if the whole
(Athen. vi. p. 265), a statement which can only pentathlon had been accompanied by the flute, but
apply to a part of these nations, as, though reduced in these passages the whole game seems to be mento dependence, they were not made entirely sub- tioned instead of that particular one which formed
ject. (Herod. viii. 132; ItiUll. 1. c.) the chief part of it. 2. The foot-race. 3. The
From a passage in Demosthenes (c. Arist. 687, discus. 4. The throwing of the spear. 5. W5rest) it appears that the Penestae sometimes accorm- ling. In later times, probably after 01. 77, the
panied their masters to battle, and fought on horse- foot-race may have been the fourth game instead of
back, as their knights or vassals: a circumstance the second, so that the three gamies which gave to
which need not excite surprise, as Thessaly was the pentathlon its peculiar character, viz. leaping,
so famous for cavalry. The Penestae of Thessaly discus, and the spear, preceded the foot-race and
also resembled the Laconian Helots in another re- wrestling, and thus formed the so-called Trptaeyuds.
spect; for they often rose up in arms against their The foot-race of the pentathlon was probably the
lords. (Arist. Pol. ii. 6.) There were Penestae simple stadion or the diaulos, and not a race in
amongst the TMacedonians also. (Miiller, 1. c.; armour as has been supposed by some; for the
iWachsmnuth, Altertizhssl. Isellen. vol. i. pp. 177, statues of the victors in the pentathlon are never
402, 403, 642, 2d ed.; Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, seen with a shield but only with the halteres, bevol. i. p. 437; Clinton, Fast. IHell. Appendix, c. sides which it should be remembered that the race
22.) [R. W.] in armour was not introduced at Olympia until
1'ENICILLUS. [PICTURA, No. VI.] 01. 65 (Pans. v. 8. ~ 3). while the pentathlon had
PENTACOSIOMEDIMNI. [CENSUS, p. been performed long before that time. Itis more266, a.] over highly improbable that even after 01. 65 the
PENTADORON. [LATERa.] race in armour should have formed a part of the
PENTAETE'RIS ('7reraeT'lpIs). [OLYMrPIA, pentathlon. In 01. 38 the pentathlon for boys was
p. 829, b.] introduced at Olympia, but it was only exhibited
PENTALITHUS (7reVTXrcA los). [GYMNA- this one time and afterwards abolished. (Paus.
iSv1I, p. 582, a; TALUs.] v. 9. ~ 1.)
PENTASPASTON. [MACHINA.] In leaping, racing, and in throwing the discus
PENTATHLON (7rv'rahAov, quimnquertizol) or spear, it was easy enough to decide who won
was next to the pancratium the most beautiful of the victory, even if several athletae took part in it
all athletic performances. (Herod. ix. 33; Panus. and contended for the prize simultaneously. In
iii. 11. ~ 6.) It does not appear to lhave been wrestling, however, no more than two persons
known in the heroic ages of Greece, although could be engaged together at a time, and it is not
Apollodorus (ii. 4. ~ 4), according to the usual clear how the victory was decided, if there were
practice of later times, describes Perseus as killing several pairs of wrestlers. The arrangement proAcrisius in the pentathlon, and although its inven- bably was, that if a man had conquered his antion was attributed to Peleus. (Schol. ad Pied. tagonist, he might begin a fresh contest with a
NTerz. vii. 11.) These accounts are fabulous; the second, third, &c., and he who thus conquered the
pentathlon was not practised until the time when greatest number of adversaries was the victor. It
the great national games of Greece began to flourish. is difficult to conceive in what manner the prize
The persons engaged in it were called pentathli was awarded to the victor in the whole pentathlon;
O(rriraOAoi, Herod. ix. 75; Pans. i. 29. ~ 4). The for an athlete might be conquered in one or two
pentathlon consisted of five distinct kinds of games, games and be victorious in the others, W hereas it
viz. leaping (a`X;ea), the foot-race (3pO/.los), the can have occurred but seldom that one and tthe
throwing of the discus (toKcos), the throwing of the same man gained the victory in all the five. Who
spear (tiy'-yvvos or a&cMovlom), and wrestling (7rdae) of the pentathli then was the victor? Modern
(Schol. ad Plt(. Amikat. p. 135; Simnonides imi writers have said that the prize was either awarded
3L'