Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

PANDIA. PANIONIA. 861
application." (Savigny, Gescliclte des R'ms. Recids the Pandita took place on the 14th of Elaphebolion.
itt imlfitelalter, i. p. 14.) (Compare Suidas and I-esych. s. v. rIdvia; Bbckh,
There are numerous manuscripts of the Digest, A4handl. der Berlin. Akademie, 1818, p. 65,
both in libraries of the Continent and of Great &c.) [L. S.]
Britain. A list of the 3MSS. of the Corpus Juris PANE'GYRIS (7ravyovpLs) signifies a meetingD
in the libraries of this country, which are princi- or assembly of a whole people for the purpose of
pally in the Colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, worshipping at a common sanctuary. But the
is given by Dr. Hach in the Zeitschrift (vol. v.). word is used in three ways:- I. For a meeting of
But the MSS. of the Digest generally contain the inhabitants of one particular town and its
only parts of the work, and are not older than the vicinity [EPHESIA]; 2. For a meeting of the intwelfth century. The MS. called the Florentine habitants of a whole district, a province, or of the
is complete and probably as old as the seventh whole body of people belonging to a particular
century. It is generally said that it had been tribe [DELIA, PA.MBOEOTIA, PANIONIA]; and
kept at Amalfi time out of mind, and was given 3. For great national meetings, as at the Olympic,
to the Pisans by Lotharius the Second, after the Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean games. Although
capture of Amalfi A. D. 1137, as a memorial of his in all panegyreis which we know, the religious
gratitude to them for their aid against Roger the character forms the most prominent feature, other
Norman. The Pisans kept it till their city was subjects, political discussions and resolutions, as
taken by the Florentines under Gino Caponi A. D. well as a variety of amusements, were not excluded.
1406, who carried this precious MS. to Florence though they were perhaps more a consequence of
where it is still preserved. There is howrever the presence of many persons than objects of the
pretty good evidence that the MS. was not found meeting. As regards their religious character, the
at Amalfi. Odofredus says, that it was transmitted panegyreis were real festivals in which prayers
to Pisa by Justinian, and Bartolus adds, that it were performed, sacrifices offered, processions held,
always had been, ald then was at Pisa. At any &c. The amusements comprehended the whole
rate it is the oldest MS. of the Pandectae. An variety of games, gymnastic and musical contests,
exact copy of this MS. was published at Florence and entertainments. Every panegyris, moreover,
in 1553, folio, with the title "Digestoruin sen was made by tradespeople a source of gain, and it
Pandectarum Libri Qninquaginta Ex Florentinis may be presumned that'such a meeting was never
Pandectis repraesentati; Florentiae In Officina held without a fair, at which all sorts of things
Laurentii Tarrentini Ducalis Typographi MDLIII were exhibited for sale. (Paus. x. 32. ~ 9; Strab.
Cum Summi Pontif. Car. V. Imp. Ilenrici II Gal- x. p. 486; Dio Chrysost. Oral. xxvii. p. 528.) In
lorum Regis, Eduardi VI Angliae regis, Cosmi later times, when the love of gain had become
Medicis Ducis Florent. II Privilegio." The facts stronger than religions feeling, the fairs appear to
relating to the history of the MS. appear from the have become a more prominent characteristic of a
dedication of Franciscus Taurellius to Cosiuo I., panegyris than before; hence the Olympic games
Duke of Florence. Laelio Torelli and his son are called mersccttos Olyn pizacus or ludi et mnzecattis
Francisco superintended the printing of the edition OlymEpiormZo. (Justin. xiii. 5; Vell. Pat. i. 8.)
of this splendid work, which is invaluable to a Festive orations were also frequently addressed to
scholar. The orthography of the MS. has been a panegyris, whence they are called XAdyol rra'Vscrupulously observed. Those who cannot consult yvpclcom. The Panegyricus of Isocrates, though it
this work may be satisfied with the edition of was never delivered, is an imaginary discourse of
the Corpus Jiuris by Charondas, which the distin- this kind. In later times any oration in praise of
guished printer of that edition, Christopher Planti- a person was called panegyricus, as that of Pliny
nus, affirms to be as exact a copy of the Florentine on the emperor Trajan.
edition as it could be made. (Antwerp, 1575). Each panegyris is treated of in a separate article.
As to the other editions of the Digest, see COR- For a general account see Wachlsmlth, Hell. Alt.
rus JuaRI. [G. L.] i. p. 149, &c.; Bckh, adcl Pind. 01. vii. p. 175l
PA'NDIA (7rodvmla), an Attic festival, the real &c.; Hermann, Polit. Anlt. ~ 10. [L. S.]
character of which seems to have been a subject PANELLE'NIA (7raveAX*YM), a festival, or
of dispute among the ancients themselves; for ac- perhaps rather a panegyris of all the Greeks, which
cording to the Etymologicum M. (s. v. lSdvra; seems to have been instituted by the emperor
comp. Phot. s. v.), some derived it from Pandia, Hadrian, with the well-meant but impracticable
who is said to have been a goddess of the moon view of reviving a national spirit among the Greeks.
(this is also Wachsmuth's opinion, ii. p. 485); (Philostr. Vit. SopSh. ii. 1. 5; Biickh, CGrp. Inscril?.
others firon the Attic king Pandion; others again i. p. 789, ii. p. 580.) [L. S.]
from the Attic tribe Dias, so that the Pandia PANIO'NIA (Traemvrta), the great national
would have been in the same relation to this tribe panegyris of the Ionians on mount Mycale, where
as the Panathenaea to Athens: and others from their national god Poseidon Heliconius had his
Aits, and call it a festival of Zeus. Welcker sanctuary, called the Panioniumn. (Herod. i. 148;
(Aesclt.yl. Trilog. p. 303) considers it to have been Strab. viii. p. 384; Pans. vii. 24. ~ 4.) One of
originally a festival of Zeus celebrated by all the At- the principal objects of this national meeting was
tic tribes, analogous to the Panathenaea, and thinks the common worship of Poseidon, to whom splendid
that when the confederacy, of which this festival sacrifices were offered on the occasion. (Diodor.
was as it were the central point, became dissolved, xv. 49.) As chief-priest for the conduct of the
the old festival remained, though its character was sacrifices, they always appointed a young man of
changed. It was celebrated at Athens in the time Priene, with the title of king, and it is mentioned
of Demosthenes (c. Mid. p. 517). Taylor in his as one of the peculiar superstitions of the Ionians
note on this passage strangely confounds it with on this occasion, that they thought the bull which
the Diasia, though it is well known that this fes- they sacrificed to be pleasing to the god if it roared
tival was held on the 19th of Munychion, while at the moment it was killed. (Strab. 1. c.) But