Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

858 PANDECTA. PANDECTAE. PANDECTAE.
the fighters fell down on his back on purpose that mogenlianus. Ten years were allowed for the comr
he might thus ward off the attacks of his antago- pletion of the work. The instructions of the
hist more easily, and this is perhaps the trick called Emperor were, to select what was useful, to omit
vS7rseayods. The usual mode of making a person what was antiquated or superfluous, to avoid unfall was to put one foot behind his, and then to necessary repetitions, to get rid of contradictions,
push him backward, or to seize him round his and to make such other changes as should produce
body in such a manner that the upper part being out of the mass of ancient Jiuristical writiigs a
the heavier the person lost his balance and fell. useful and complete body of law (jus antiquum).
Hence the expressions iees'ov Xaeca'veIv, /JEroXa- The compilation was to be distributed into Fifty
~elv, [sE'sOV al'pe-I, i&T a f EXE V, &ca y!njpoi vBooks and the Books were to be subdivided into
ora'v, &c. (Scalig. ad Euseb. Cliron. p. 43.) The Titles (Tituli). The work was to be named
ansexed woodcut represents two pairs of Panl- Digesta, a Latin term indicating an arrangement
of materials, or Pandectae, a Greek word expressive of the comprehensiveness of the work. The
name Digesta had been already used by Salvius
Julianus for the title of his chief work. The term
Pandectae had also been applied to compilations
which contained various kinds of matter. (A. Gell.
Psaef.) It was also declared that no commentaries should be written on this compilation, but
permission was given to make Paratitla or references
/I A\ l i' to parallel passages with a short statement of their
contents. (Const. Deo Auctore, s. 12.) It was
also declared that abbreviations (sigla) should not
be used in forming the text of the Digest. The
V/:! L ]P' work was completed in three years (17 Cal. Jan.
533) as appears by a Constitution both in Greek
and Latin which confirmed the work and gave to
cratiastae; the one on the right hand is an ex- it legal authority. (Const. Tanta, &c., and AEl'scsev.)
ample of the &vacrcXvo-rdxaq, and that on the Besides Tribonian, who had the general conduct
left of the uAsoeAaGeiP. They are taken from of the undertaking, sixteen other persons are menlKrause's Gymnastik und Agonistik d. Hellen. Taf. tioned as having been employed on the work,
xxi. b. Fig. 35, b. 31, b., where they are copied among whom were the Professors Dorotheus and
respectively from Grivaud, Rec. c. Alon. lInt. Anatolius, who for that purpose had been invited
vol. i. pl. 20, 21, and Krause, Sigaorum vet. icones, from the law-school of Berytus, and Theophilus
tab. 10. and Cratinus who resided at Constantinople. The
At Rome the pancratium is first mentioned in conmpilers made use of about two thousand different
the games which Caligula gave to the people. (Dion treatises, which contained above 3,000,000 lines
Cass. lix. 13.) After this time it seems to have (versus, oriXes), but the amount retained in the
become extremely popular, and Justinian (Novell. compilation was only 150,000 lines. Tribonian
cv. c. 1, provided 7rdayiap7rov be, as some suppose, procured this large collection of treatises, many of
a mistake for 7raycpd'rTiov) made it one of the seven which had entirely fallen into oblivion, and a list
solemnities (srpdosol) which the consuls had to of them was prefixed to the work, pursuant to the
provide for the amusement of the people. instructions of Justinian. (Const. Tanita, &c. s. 16 )
Several of the Greek pancratiastae have been Such a list is at present only found in the Florenimmortalised in the epinician odes of Pindar, tine MS. of the Digest, but it is far from being
namlely Timodemus of Athens (Neem. ii.), Melissus accurate. Still it is probably the Index mentioned
anld Strepsiades of Thebes (Isth. iii. and vi.), Aris- in the Constitution, Tanta, &c. (Pubchta, Blenertoclides, Cleander and Phylacides of Aegina (Nesr. kunzen ueber den Index Florentinzs, in hlein2. Alaus.
iii., 1st]s. iv. v. and vi.), and a boy Pytheas of vol. iii. pp. 365-370.)
Aegina. (Nemros. v.) But besides these the names The work is thus distributed into Fifty Books,
of a great many other victors in the pancratium are which, with the exception of three books, are subknown. (Comripare Fellows, Discoveries in Lycia, divided into Titles, of which there are said to be
p. 313, Lond. 1841.) 422. The books 30, 31, 32, are not divided into
The diet and training of the pancratiastae was Titles, but have one common Title, De Legatis et
the same as that of other Athletae. [ATHLETAE.] Fideicommissis; and the first Title of the 45th
(Compare Hieron. Mercurialis, de Asrte Gymnzas- book, De Verborum Obligationibus, is really divided
tice; J. H. Krause, Die Gymnaestik und Agonistik into three parts, though they have not separate
der HIel/enen, vol. i. pp. 534-556.) [L. S.] Rubricae. Under each Title are placed the exPANDECTAE or DIGESTA. In the last tracts from the several jurists, numbered 1, 2, 3,
month of the year A. D. 530, Justinian by a Con- and so on, with the writer's name and the name
stitution addressed to Tribonian empowered him and division of the work from which the extract is
to nalmne a commission for the purpose of forming a made. These extracts are said to amount to 9123.
Code out of the writings of those Jurists who had No name, corresponding to Liber or Titulus, is
enjoyed the Jus Respondendi, or, as it is expressed given to these subdivisions of Tituli which are
by the Emperor, "antiquorum prudentium quibus formed by the extracts from the several writers,
auctoritatem conscribendarum interpretandarumque but Justinian (Const. Tanta, &c. s. 7) has called
legurn sacratissimi principes praebuerunt." The them "leges," and though not "'laws " in the strict
compilation however comprises extracts from some sense of the term, they were in fact "law;" and
writers of the Republican period (Consst. Deo in the same sense the Emperor calls the jurists
Auctore), and from Arcadius Charisius and Her- " legislatores." (Const. Tanta, &c. s. 16.) The Fitty