Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

856 PANATHENAEA. PANATHENAEA.
vii. 2.) Songs ill praise of Harmodius and Aris- probably preceded the musical contests. Blut we
togiton appear to have been among the standing may infer from the analogy of other great festivals
customs at the Panathenaea. Musical contests ill that the solemnities commenced with sacrifices.
singing and in playing the flute and the cithara The sacrifices at the Panathenaea were very mumli-:were not introduced until the time of Pericles; ficent; for each town of Attica, as well as every
they were held in the Odeum. (Plut. Pericl. colony of Athens, and, during the time of her great13.) The first who gained the victory in these ness, every subject town, had to contribute to this
contests was Phrynis, in 01. 81. 1. (Schol. ad sacrifice by sending one bull each. (Schol. Aristoph.
A4ristoph. Nzab. 971; Marm. Par. Ep. 64.) The Nub. 385.) The meat of the victims appears to
prize for the victors in the musical contests was, have been distributed among the people; but
as in the gymnastic contests, a vase, but with before the feasting commenced, the public herald
an additional chaplet of olive branches. (Suid. prayed for the welfare and prosperity of the re-:. v. IIavaOivaia.) Cyclic choruses and other kinds public. After the battle of Marathon the Plataeans;of dances were also performed at the Panathenaea were included in this prayer. (Herod. vi. 111.)
(Lys. de Matner. accept. p. 161), and the pyrrhic The chief solemnity of the great Panathenaea
dance in armour is expressly mentioned. (Aris- was the miagnificent procession to the temple of
toph. Nub. 988, with the Schol.) Of the dis- Athena Polias, which, as stated above, probably
cassions of philosophers and orators at the Pana- took place on the last day of the festive season.
thenaea we still possess two specimens, the Xoyos The opinion of Creuzer (Synmbol. ii. p. 810) that
Hava0mpajcKos of Isocrates, and that of Aristides. this procession also took place at the lesser Pana.
Herodotus is said to have recited his history to the thenaea, is opposed to all ancient authorities with
Athenians at the Panathenaea. The management the exception of the Scholiasts on Plato (Republ.
of the games and contests was entrusted to persons init.) and on Aristophanes (Eqsuit. 566), and these
called &O.o0iTam, whose number was ten, one being scholiasts are evidently in utter confusion about
taken from every tribe. Their office lasted from the whole matter. The whole of this procession is
one great Panathenaic festival to the other. (Pol- represented in the frieze of the Parthenon, the
lUX, viii. 8. 6.) It was formerly believed, on the work of Phidias and his disciples. The description
statement of Diogenes Lairtins (iii. 56; compare and explanation of this magnificent work of art,
Suidas, s. v. TETpaXo'yia), that dramatic represent- and of the procession it represents, would lead us
ations also took place at the Panathenaea, but this too far. (See Stuart, Antiq. of Ail-Aens, vol. ii.;
mistake ehas been clearly refuted by Bdckh. (Graec. Leake, Topogr. of Athens, p. 215, &c.; C. O.
2rcog. Princip. p. 207.) MUiller, Ancient Art and its Renm. ~ 118; H. A.
The lampadephoria or torch-race of the Pana- Miiller, Panalt7. p. 98, &c.) The chief object of
thenaea has been confounded by many writers, and this procession was to carry the peplus of the godeven by Wachsmnuth (-Iell. Alt. ii. 2. p. 246; dess to her temple. It was a crocus-coloured
ii. p. 573, 2d ed.), with that of the Bendideia. garment for the goddess, and made by maidens,
On what day it was held, and in what relation called EpyyacrTvat. (Hesych. s. v.; compare ARit stood to the other contests, is unknown, though RHEPHORIA.) In it were woven Enceladus and the
it is clear that it must have taken place in the giants, as they were conquered by the goddess.
evening. It has been supposed by some writers (Eurip. Iiecab. 466; Schol. ad Aristoph. YEqzit.
that the lampadephoria took place only at the 566; Suid. s. v. IliErXos; Virg. Cir. 29, &c.;
great Panathenaea, but this rests upon the feeble compare Plat. Eet/tyd. p. 6.) Proclus (ad Plat.
testimony of Libanius (Aynnum. cud Denmosth. Aid. Tinz.) says that the figures on the peplus reprep. 510), while all other writers who mention sented the Olympic gods conquering the giants,
this lampadephoria, speak of it as a part of the and this indeed is the subject represented on a
Panathenaea in general, without the epithet peplus worn by anl Athena preserved in the MuxemycdAa, which is itself a sufficient proof that it scum of Dresden. On one occasion in later times,
-wias common to both festivals. The same is implied when the Athenians overwhelmed Demetrius and
in a statement of the author,of.the Etymologicumi Antigonus with their flatteries, they also decreed
Magnum (s. v. Kepa)IeLEcms). The prize of the that their images, along with those of the gods,
victor in the lampadephoria.was probably the should be woven into the peplus. (Plut. Demetsr.
lampas itself, which he dedicated to I-Iermes. 10.) The peplus las not carried to the temple by
(B13ckh, Corp. Inscript. i. n. 243, 250.) men but was suspended from tihe mast of a ship
It is impossible to determine the exact order in (Schol. Horn. II. v. 734; Philostr. 7it. Sop/s. i. 5.
which the solemnities took place. We may, how- p. 550; compare Bdckh, Graec. 7''avg. Princ. p. 1 93
ever, believe that those parts which were the most Schol. ad A2ristoph. Pae?, 418); and this ship,
ancient preceded those which were of later intro- which was at other times kept near the Areiopagus
duction. Another assistance in this respect are the (Paus. i. 29. ~ 1), was moved along on land, it is
sculptures of the Parthenon (now in the British said, by suebterraneous msac/limes. What these ma.
Museum), in which a series of the solemnities of chines may have been is involved in utter obscurity.
the Panathenaea is represented in the great pro- The procession proceeded fromn the Cerameicus, near
cession. But they neither represent all the so- a mloonmn ent called Leocorium (Thucyd. i. 20), to
lemnities - for the lampadephoria and the gym- the temple of Demeter at Eleusis, and thence along
hlastic contests are not represented -nor call it the Pelasgic wall and the temple of Apollo Pythliuss
-be supposed that the artists should have sacrificed to the Pinyx, and thence to the Acropolis, where
beauty and symmetry merely to give the solemnities the statue of MIminerva Polias was adorned with the
in precisely the same order as they succeeded one peplus.
another at the festival. In fact we see in these In this procession nearly the whole population
sculptures the flute and cithara players represented of Attica appears to have taken part, either on foot,
as preceding the chariots and men on horseback, on horseback, or imn chariots, as may be seen in the
though tmhe contests in chariot and horse racing frieze of the Parthellon.. Aged imen cari'ied olivie