Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

PALLIUM. z PALUDAMENTUM. 853
tened, like that of the Greeks, by means of a seen in the preceding figure of Polynices, and in
brooch, or with a large thorn as a substitute for a the bas-relief in Dodwell's Tour already referred
brooch. (Tacit. Germ. 17; Strabo, iv. 4. 3.) The to (Plaut. Mil. iv. 4. 43; Aelian, V. H. ix. 34);
Gauls wore in summer one which was striped and and, when a girdle was added round the waist, it
chequered, so as to agree exactly with the plaid approached still more to the appearance of the
which still distinguishes their Scottish descendants; single-sleeved tunic, the use of which it superseded.
in winter it was thick and much more simple in Under the Roman republic and the early Emcolour and pattern. (Diod. Sic. v. 30.) The Greeks perors, the TOGA was worn by men instead of the
and Romans also wore different pallia in summer pallium. They were proud of this distinction, and
and in winter. The thin palliunl made for summer therefore considered that to be palliatus or sagalus
wear was called xApos, dim. Ap dptor (Aristoph. instead of being togatus indicated an affectation of
Aves, 713-717) and sure7pov dime. o7retLpov (Hom. Grecian or' even barbarian manners. (Graeco pallio
Od. ii. 102, vi. 179; Xen. liust. Gr. iv. 5. ~ 4) ameictus, Plin Epist. iv. 11; Graeci palliati, Plant.
in contradistinction from the warm palliurm with a CGurC. ii. 3. 9; Cic. Phil. v. 5, xiv. 1; Sueton.
long nap, which was worn in winter (luenca, Mart. Jul. 48; Val. Max. ii. 6. ~ 10.) Caecina, on his
xiv. 136; XXaYva, Moeris, s. v.; HonE. II. xvi. 224, return from the north of Europe, offended the
Od. xiv. 529; Plut. de Aud. p. 73, ed. Steph.; Romans (togatos) by addressing them in a plaid
aXXeavol, Callim. Iyzmn. in Dian. 115). This, dis- (versicolore sagulo) and trowsers. [BRACCAE.]
tinction in dress was, however, practised only by (Tacit. Hist. ii. 20.) [J. Y.]
those who could afford it. Socrates wore the same PAILMIPES5 i. e. pas et palings, a Roman
pallium both in summer and winter. (Xen. lletoz. measure of length, equal to a foot and a palm; or
i. 6. ~ 2.) a foot and a quarter, or 15 inches, or 20 digits.
One kind of blanket was worn by boys, another (Plin. IH. Nr. xvii. 20. s. 32:; Vitruv. v. 6). [P. S.]
by men (Tb 7ra3lclKYV, Tb &VY3pe7ov CCLdrirov, Plut. de PALMUS, properly the width of the open
Aud. init.). Women wore this garment as well as hand, or, more exactly, of the four fingers, was
men. " Phocion's wife," says Aelian: (V.. H. vii. used by the Romans for two different measures of
9), " wore Phocion's pal;itmn.:" but Xanthippe, as length, namely, as the translation of the Greek
related by the same author (vii. 10), would not wraAaLmr, or S&3pov in old Greek, and 7rmOails
wear that of her husband Socrates. (See also Hom. respectively. In the former sense it is equal to
Od. v. 229, 230, x. 542, 543; Plaut. fens. iv. 2. 4 digits, or 3 inches, or 1-4th of a foot, or 1-6th
36; Herod. v. 87.) When the means were not of the cubit. [MxxNISURA, p. 751, b.] Jerome (in
wanting, women wore pallia, which were in gene- Ezech. 40) expressly states that this was its proper
ral smaller, finer, and of more splendid and beauti- meaning, but that the Greek a7rmOale was also
fill colours than those of men (osbccdrma &avspe7a, called by some palzmus; or, for the sake of disAristoph. Eccles. 26, 75, 333), although men also tinction, palmn; in which sense it would be 3-4ths
sometimes displayed their fondness for dress by of a foot. Hence some writers distinguish, in the
adopting in these respects the female costume. old Roman metrical system, a pnlmnuss major of 9
Thus Alcibiades was distinguished by his purple inches, and a p1al2nus?zinor of 3 inches, and they
pallium which trailed upon the ground (Plut. Alcib. suppose that the former is referred to by Varro
pp. 350, 362, ed. Steph.); for a train was one of (R. R. iii. 7). Ideler has, however, shown that
the ornaments of Grecian as well as Oriental dress this supposition, is groundless, that Varro refers to
(IeartlosV iXAELS, Plato, Alci&. i. p. 341, ed. Bekker; the common palm of 4 digits (3 inches), and the
Ovid. Met. xi. 166; Quintil. xi. 3), the general larger palm only occurs in later Roman writers.
rule being that the upper garment should reach the (Ueber die Llingen sund Flackenmasse deo Altenl,
knee, but not the ground. (Aelian, V. HJ. xi. 10; p. 129). From this large palmus of 9 inches the
Theophrast. Clhar. 4.) modern Roman palsao ismderived. [P. S.]
Philosophers wore a coarse and cheap pallium, PALUDAMENTUM, according to Varro (L.L.
which from being exposed to much wear was vii. 37) and Festus (s.v.), originally signified
called Trp1iow and Trp,~we,oV. (Aristoph. Pltt. 897; any military decoration; but the word is always
Athen. v. p. 211, e; Themist. Orlat x. p. 155, ed. used to denote the cloak worn by a Roman general
Dindorf; palliasltrum, Apul. Florid. i.) The same commanding an army, his principal officers and
was worn also by poor persons (Isaeus, de Die. personal attendants, in contradistinction to the
p. 94, ed. Reiske; Polyaen. Strat. vii. 35), by the sagum [SaGsam] of the common soldiers and the
Spartans (Athen. xii. p. 535, e; Aelian, V. H. vii. toga or garb of peace. It was the practice for a
13); and in a later age by monks and hermits Roman magistrate after he had received the imnpe(cpebv TptGcivuov, Synes. Epist. 147; sagnum rusi- -izum from the Comitia Curiata and offered up his
cuer, Hieron. Vita Ililar.). These blanketeers vows in the Capitol, to march out of the city arrayed
(TrpfcsYoq(psot, Palladii, Hist. Laus. in vita Serap.) in the paludamentum (exire paludatus, Cic. ad Fass.
often went without a tunic, and they sometimes viii. 10) attended by his lictors in similar attire
suplplied its place by the greater size of their pal- (paludatis lictoribus, Liv. xli. 10, xlv. 39), nor
lium. It is recorded of the philosopher Antisthenes, could he again enter the gates until he had formally
that 1 "he first doubled his pallium " (Diog. LaUrt. divested himself of this emblem of military power,
vi. 6, 13), in which contrivance he was followed a ceremony considered so solemn and so indispensby his brother Cynics (Brunck, Anal. ii. 22; Hor. able that even the emperors observed it. (Tacit.
Epist. i. 7. 25), and especially by Diogenes, who Hist. ii. 89; compare Sueton. Vitell. c. 11.) Hence
also slept and died in it, and who according to Cicero declared that Verres had sinned "contra
some was the first inventor of this fashion. (Diog. auspicia, contra omnes divinas et humanas reliLaert. vi. 22, 77.) The large pallium, thus used, giones," because, after leaving the city in his paluwas called 3trAo'ts (diplois, Isid. Hisp. Orig. xix. damentum (ciem paludatus exisset), he stole back in
24), and also ExomIs, because, being worn with- a litter to visit his mistress. (In Verr. v, 13.)
out the fibula, it left the right shoulder bare, as The paludamentum was open in front, reached
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