Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

848 PAENULA. PALA.,
PAEDO'NOMUS (rrasaso,veuos), was a magis. Tlhe p enlla was usually lmade of wool (Plin.
trate at Sparta, who had the genera.l superintend- /i. N. viii. 48. s. 73), and particularly of that kind
ence of the education of the boys. His office was which wats called Gausapa [GAUSAPA] ( paenula
considered very honcurable, and he was always gausapina, Mart. xiv. 145). It was also somnechosen from the noblest citizens. He had to make times made of leather (paenula scortea, Mart. xiv.
a general inspection of the boys, and to punish 130). Seneca (Qanest. Nat. iv. 6) speaks of
severely all those who had been negligent or idle; " paenulae ant scorteac," but he appears only to
for which purpose saorrLyo'opot were assigned to use this expression be ause paenulae were usually
him by Lycurgus. Those who were refractory he made of wool. (Bartholini, de Paenula; Becker,
aight bring before the Ephors. The more imme- Gacllus, vol. ii. p. 93.)
diate inspection of the gymnastic exercises of the PAGANA'LIA. [PAGI.]
boys belonged to magistrates called PLi3aeom. [Bi- PAGA'NI. [PAG1.]
DIAEI.] (Xen. Rep. Lac. ii. 2, iii. 10, iv. 6; Plut. PAGA'NICA. [PILA.]
IYe. 17; Hesychius, s. v.; Krause, Gymnastik und PAGI, were fortified places, to which the counAgon. der tHelencen, pp. 254, 677.) try-people might retreat in case of an hostile inPAEDOTRI'BAE (Oras3oTpLal), [GY.MNASi- road, and are said to have been instituted by
UM, p. 581, b.] Servius Tulllus (Dionys. iv. 15); though the divi..
PAE'N ULA was a thick cloak, chiefly used by sion of the country-people into pagi is as old as
ithe Romans in travelling instead of the toga, as a the time of Numa (Dionys. ii. 76.) Each of the
protection against the cold and rain. (Cic. pro Alil. country-tribes was divided into a certain number'20; Quintil. vi. 3. ~ 66.) Hence we find the ex- of pagi; which name was given to the country adpression of scindere paenulam (Cic. ad AtU. xiii. 33) joining the fortified village, as well as to the village
used in the sense of greatly pressing a traveller to itself. There was a magistrate at the head of each
stay at one's house. The paenula was worn by pagus, who kept a register of the names and of
women as well as by men in travelling. (Dig. 34. the property of all p:rsons in the pagus, raised the
tit. 2. s. 23.) It appears to have been a long cloak taxes, and summoned the people, when necessary,
without sleeves, and with only an opening for the to war. Each pagus had its own sacred rites, and
head, as is showvn in the following figure taken an annual festival called Paganalia. (Dionys. iv.
fiom Bartholini. If this is a real example of a 15; Varro, de Lin7g. Lat. vi. 24, 26, ed. Muller;
paenula, it would seem that the dress was sewed Macrob. Saturn. i. 16; Ovid, East. i. 669.) The
in front about half way down, and was divided Pagacoi, or inhabitants of the pagi, had their reinto two parts, which might be throwtn back by gular meetings, at which they passed resolutions,
the wearer so as to leave the arms comparatively many of which have come down to us. (Orelli,
free: it must have been put on over the head. Inser. n. 3793, 4083, 106, 202, 2177.) Tile diThis figure explains the expression of Cicero (1pjro vision of the country-people into pagi continued to
Mil. 1. c.), " paenula irretitus;" and of the author the latest times of the Roman empire, and we find
of the Dialoglis de Oratoribus (c. 39), "paenulis frequent mention of the magistrates of the pagi
adstricti et velut inclusi.1" under the names of Magistri, Praefecti or Prae.
positi pagorum. (Orelli, Inscr. n. 121, 3795, 3796;
Cod. Theod. 2. tit. 30. s. 1; 8. tit. 15. s. 1; Wal.
r~c'S~~~ A 1 ter, G;esclichte des R7en. Rec/ts, ~~ 26, 164, 247,
366, 2d ed.)
The term Pagani is often used in opposition to
milites, and is applied to all who were not soldiers,,~i\z \ 6,~ X /~'l even though they did not live in the country.
(Milites et pagani, Plin. Ep. x. 18; Juv. xvi. 32;
Suet. Aug. 27, Gatlb 19; Dig. 11. tit. 4. s.; 48.
tit. 19. s. 14, &c.). Hence we find Pagani or citizens applied as a term of reproach to soldiers who
did not perform their duty (Tacit. Hist. iii. 24),
in the same way as Julius Caesar addressed his
rebellious soldiers on one occasion as Quirites.
The Christian writers gave the name of Pagani
to those persons who adhered to the old Roman
religion, because the latter continued to be generally believed by the country-people, after Christianity becanime the prevailing religion of the in.
habitants of the towns. (Isidorus, viii. 10; Cod.
Theod. 16. tit. 10; Cod. Just. 1. tit. 11.)
PALA (7r7To'O, mc'carrdyv, rcamplior,,uaacEAXa), a
spade. (Cato de Re MRst. 10; Plin. If. N. xvii.
Under the emperors the paenula was wtorn in 17. s. 27, xvii. 22. s. 35.) The spade was but little
the city as a protection against the rain and cold used in ancient husbandry, the ground having been
(Juv. v. 79), but women were forbidden by Alex- broken and turned over by the plough, and also
ander Severus to wear it in the city. (Lamprid. by the use of large hoes and rakes. [Lroo; RAsAlex. Sev. 27.) At one time, however, the paenula TRtuM.] But in some cases a broad cutting edge
appears to have been commonly wvorn in the city was necessary for this purpose, as, for example,
instead of the toga, as we even find mention of when the ground was full of the roots of rushes or
orators wearing it when pleading causes (Dial. de other plants. (Plin. IT. N. xviii. 8.) Also in gar-,Orat. 39), but this fashion was probably of short dening it was an indispensable instrument, and
duration. it was then made on the same principle as the