Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

PAEDAGOGUS. PAEDAGOG US. 847
The paean was always of a joyous nature, and office of tutor in a Grecian family of rank and
its tune and sounds expressed hope and confidence. opulence (Plato, dle Repub. i. p. 87, ed. Bekker, de
The sound of 1i1 appears to have been invariably Leg. vii. pp. 41, 42) was assigned to one of' the most
connectedwithit. (Athen.xv. pp. 696, e.f. 701,b.c.) trustworthy of the slaves. The sons of his master
It was sung by several persons, one of whom pro- were committed to his care on attaining their sixth
bably led the others, and the singers either marched or seventh year, their previous education having
onwards or sat together at table. Thus Achilles been conducted by females. They remained with
after the death of Hector calls upon his companions the tutor (zeg2ister) until they attained the age of
to return to the ships, singing a paean on account puberty. (Ter. Ande. i. 1. 24.) His duty was
of the glory they had gained (II. xxiii. 391); and rather to guard them from evil, both physical and
the Achaeans, after restoring Chryseis to her moral, than to communicate instruction, to cultivate
father, are represented as singing a paean to Apollo their minds, or to impart accomplishments. iHe
at the end of the sacrificial feast, in order to ap- went with them to and from the school or the
pease his wrath. (11. i. 473.) From these pas- GYMNASIUM (Plato, Lysis, p. 118); he accomsages it is clear that the paean was a song of panied them out of doors on all occasions; he was
thanksgiving, when danger was passed, and also a responsible for their personal safety, and for their
hrmn to propitiate the god. It was sung at the avoidance of bad company. (Bato, ap. Atlien. vii. p,.
solemn festivals of Apollo, especially at the Hya- 279.) The formation of their morals by direct su.
cinthia (esr T'r'TatdlOIa &'rl -rb V raLaia, Xen. perintendence belonged to the 7rma6o0o,uoi as public
Iell. iv. 5. ~ 11, Ages. ii. 17), and was also sung officers, and their instruction in the various branches
from very early times in the temples of the god. of learning, i. e. in grammar, music, and gymnas(tHom. 1iy7zzn. ad Apoll. 514; Eurip. Ion, 125, tics, to the 8coSJcah.ro or praeceptores, whom Plato
&c.) (ll. cc.), Xenophon (de Lac. Rep. ii. 1, iii. 2),
The paean was also sung as a battle song, both Plutarch (de Lib. Ed. 7), and Quintilian (Inst. Or.
before an attack on the enemy and after the battle i. 1. 8, 9) expressly distinguish from the paedaeogi.
was finished. (Thucyd. i. 50, iv. 43, ii. 91, vii. 44; These latter even carried the buoks and instruXen. Anab. i. 8. ~ 17, &c.) This practice seems ments which were requisite for their young masters
to have chiefly prevailed among the Dorians, but in studying under the sophists and professors.
it was also common among the other Greek states. This account of the office is sufficient to explain
The origin of it is said to have arisen from the fact, why the *ratiaywyos so often appears on the
that Apollo sang it after his victory over the Pythian Greek stage, both in tragedy, as in the leednea,
dragon. The paean sung previous to an engage- Phoenissae, and Ion of Euripides, and in comedy,
ment wvas called by the Spartans iraiasv EBuaTriptosO. as in the Bacchides of Plautus. The condition of
(Plut. Ly?/. 22.) The Scholiast on Thucydides (i. slavery accounts for the circumstance, that the
50) says, that the paean which was sung before tutor was often a Thracian (Plato, Alcib. i. p. 341,
the battle was sacred to Ares, and the one sung ed. Bekker), an Asiatic, as is indicated by such
after to Apollo; but there are strong reasons for names as Lydus (Planut. 1. c.), and sometimes an
believing that the paean as a battle-song was in eunuch. (Herod. viii. 75; Corn. Nep. Tlhemzist. iv.
later times not particularly connected with the 3; Polyaen. i. 30. ~ 2.) Hence also we see why
worship of Apollo. (Bode, Gesch. der lyrisch. these persons spoke Greek with a foreign accent
Dichltkunst der Hellenen, vol. i. pp. 9, 10, &c.) It (/7roeapeap'orvTer, Plato, Ly/is, p. 145, ed. Bekker).
is certain that the paean was in later times sung On rare occasions, the tutor was admitted to the
to the honour of other gods besides Apollo. Thus presence of the daughters, as when the slave, susXenophon relates that the Lacedaemonians on one taining this office in the royal palace at Thebes,
occasion sang a paean to Poseidon, to propitiate accompanies Antigone while she surveys the behim after ar earthquake (Hell. iv. 7. ~ 4), and also sieging army from the tower. (Eurip. PhLoen. 87that the Greek army in Asia sang a paean to 210.)
Zeus. (A nab. iii. 2. ~ 9.) Among the Romans the attendance of the tutor
In still later times, paeans were sung in honour on girls as well as boys was much more frequent,
of mortals. Thus Aratus sang paeans to the as they were not confined at home according to
honour of the Macedonian Antigonus (Plut. Cleome. the Grecian custom. (Val. Max. vi. 1. ~ 3.) As
16); a paean composed by Alexinus was sung at luxury advanced under the emperors, it was strikDelphi in honour of the Macedonian Craterus; and ingly manifested in the dress and training of the
the Rhodians celebrated Ptolemaeus I., king of beautiful young slaves who were destined to beEgypt, in the same manner. (Athen. xv. p. 696, come paedagogi, or, as they were also termed,
e. f.) The Chalcidians, in Plutarch's time, still paedaogo/ia and pueri paeedagjogiani. (Plin. H. nA.
continued to celebrate in a paean the praises of xxxiii. 12. s. 54; Sen. Epist. 124, De Vita beata,
their benefactor, Titus Flaminius. (Plut. l1anz. 16.) 17; Tertull. Apol. 13.) Augustus assigned to
The practice of singing the paean at banquets, them a separate place, near his own, at the public
and especially at the end of the feast, when liba- spectacles. (Sueton. Alg. 44.) Nero gave offence
tions were poured out to the gods, was very an- by causing free boys to be brought up in the delicient. It is mentioned. by Aleman, who lived in cate habits of paedagogi. (Sueton. Ner. 28.) After
the seventh century B. c. (Strab. x. p. 482.) The this period numbers of them were attached to the
paean continued to be sung on such occasions till a imperial family for the sake of state and ornalate period. (Xen. Syomp. ii. 1; Plut. Symop. vii. 8. mInet, and not only is the modern word page a
~ 4.) corruption of the ancient appellation, but it aptly
(Mtiller, Ilist. of Greek Literatulre, pp. 19, 20, expresses the nature of the service which the pae.
Dorians, ii. 6. ~ 4; Bode, Gesch. der lyrisch., &c. dagogia at this later era afforded
vol. i. pp. 7-77.) IIn palaces and other great houses the pages slept
PAEDAGO'GIA. [PAEDAGOGUS.] and lived in a separate apartment, which was also
PAEDAGO'GUS (7rmataywy'es), a tutor. The called poaeCdagogiuma. (Piin. Epist. vii. 27.) [J. Y.]