Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

830 OLYMPIA. OLYM AIPIA.
offered by the EIleans and the Theori at the com- tium for boys, introduced in 01. 1 45. 24. There
mencement or at the termination of the contests; was also a horse-ralce (1'7rrros ieA;1rls) in which boys
our limits do not allow us to enter into the contra- rode (Pans. -i. 2. ~ 4, 12. ~ 1, 13. ~ 6), but we
versy, but it appears most probable that certain do not know the time of its introduction. Of these
sacrifices were offered by the Eleans as introductory contests, the greater number were in existence in
to the games, but that the majority were not offered the heroic age, but the following were introduced
till the conclusion, when the flesh of the victims for the first time by the Eleans: —all the contests
was required for the public banquets given to the in which boys took part, the foot-race of Hoplites,
victors. the races in which foals were employed, the chariotThe contests consisted of various trials of strength race in which mules were used, and the horse-race
and skill, which wvere increased in number from with mares (Ka'rMn,). The contests of heralds and
time to time. There were in all twenty-four con- trumpeters were also probably introduced after the
tests, eighteen in which men took part, and six in heroic age.
which boys engaged, though they were never all Pausanias (v. 9. ~ 3) says that up to the 77th
exhibited at one festival, since some were abolished Olympiad, all the contests took place in one day;
almost immediately after their institution, and but as it was found impossible in that Olympiad to
others after they had been in use only a short time. finish them all in so short a time, a new arrangeWe subjoin a list of these from Pausanias (v. IS. ment was made. The nrumber of days in the whole
~ 2, 3, 9. ~ 1, 2; compare Plut. Syinrp. v. 2), with festival, which were henceforth devoted to the
the date of the introduction of each, commencing games, and the order in which they were celefrom the Olympiad of Coroebus:-l. The foot-race brated, has been a subject of much dispute among
(ap4j'/os), which was the only contest during the modern writers, and in many particulars can be
first 13 Olympiads. 2. The itavXos, or foot-race, in only matter of conjecture. The following arrangewhich the stadiumn was traversed twice, first intro- ment is proposed by Krause (Olym0piac p. 106): —
duced in 01. 14. 3. The bAXiXos, a still longer foot- On the first day, the initiatory sacrifices were
race than the afavmxos, introduced in 01. 15i. For offered, and all the competitors classed and arranged
a more particular account of the iauvxos and oA2l- by the jutdges. On the same day, the contest
Xos see STADIum r. 4. Wrestling((rra17) [LUvcTJ, between the trumpeters took place; and to this
and 5. The Pentathlun (7rE'YTaOAov), which consisted succeeded on the same day and the next the
of five exercises [PENTATHLUma], both introduced contests of the boys, somewhat irs the following
in 01. 18. 6. Boxing (rrvuyc),introduced in 01.23. order: - the Foot-Race, Wrestling, Boxing, the
[PUGILATUs.] 7. The chariot-race, with four full- Pentathlum, the Pancratium, and lastly, the Horsegrown horses ('7rrrCo, eXEY AsWOS, p4os, pgiua), intro- Race. On the third day, which appears to have
duced in 01. 25. 8. The Pancratirum (,rasyKrparov) been the principal one, the contests of the men took
[PANCRArTIUM], and 9. The horse-race ('n'rros place, somewhat in the following order:-the simple,ce'Xes), both introduced in 01. 33. 10 and 11. Foot-Race, the Diaulos, the Dolichos, Wrestling,
The foot-race and wrestling for boys, both intro- Boxing, the Pancratium, and the Race of Hoplites.
duced in 01. 37. 12. The Pentathlum f)r boys, On the fourth day the Pentathlum, either before or
introduced in 01. 33, but immediately afterwards after the Chariot and Horse-Races, which were
abolished. 13. Boxing for boys, introduced in 01, celebr-ated on this d'ay, On the same day or on
41. 14. The foot-race, in which men ranl with the the fifth, the contests of the Heralds may have
equipments of heavy-armed soldiers (,cm, 50r7rArli,, taken place. The fifth day appears to have been
po'j/os), introduced in 01. 65, on account of its devoted to processions and sacrifices, and to the
training men for actual service in war. 15. The banquets given by the Eleans to the conquerors in
chariot-race with mules (Va7rr/'), introduced in 01. the Games.
70; and 16. The horse-race with mares (rccd',rr/), The judges in the Olympic Games, called Heldescribed by Pausanias (v. 9. ~ 1, 2), introduced lanodicae ('EXXavooutcai), were appointed by the
in 01. 71, both of which were abolished in 01. 84. Eleans, who had the regulation of the whole festi17. The chariot-race with two full-grown horses val. It appears to have been originally under the
('7i-rrw,' reAiEWYL em, PIs), introduced in 01. 93, superintendence of Pisa, in the neighbourhood of
18, 19. The contest of heralds (mt'?cpvUes) and which Olympia was situated, and accolvdingly we
trumpeters (eahX7rt1ycTal), introduced in 01. 96. find in the ancient legends the names of Oenomaus,
(African. ap. Euseb. Xpov.'EskX. I2t. p. 41; Pelops, and Augeas as presidents of the Games.
Paus. v. 22. ~ 1; compare Cic. ad Faor. v. 12.) But after the conquest of Peloponnessus by the Do20. The chariot-race with four foals 0(rccSxwy rians on the return of the Heraclidlae, the Aetolians,
api-faor,), introduced in 01. 99. 21. The chariot- who had been of great assistance to the lIeraclidae,
race with two foals (rrcXov euvcvpis), introduced settled in Elis, and from this time the Aetolian
in 01. 128. 22. The horse-race with foals (7r&Xos Eleans obtained the regulation of the festival, and
KiAxsS), introduced in 01. 131. 23. The Pancra- appointed the presiding officers. (Strabo, viii. pp.
357, 358.) Pisa, however, did not quietly re* Some words appear to have dropped out of the iinquish its claim to the superintendence of the
passage of Pausanias. In every other case he festival, and it is not improbable that at first it had
mentions the name of the first conqueror in each an equal share with the Eleans in its administranew contest, but never the name of the conqueror tion. The Eleans themselves only reckoned three
in the same contest in the following 01. In this festivals in which they had not had the presidency,
passage, however, after giving the name of the first namely, the 8th, in which Pheidon and the Piseans
conqueror in the Dianlos, he adds, r-. re i;}s obtained it; the 34th, which was celebrated under
AtiaeOos. There can be little doubt that this must the superintendenlce of Pantaleon, king of Pisa
be the name of the conqueror in the Dolichos; and the 104th, celebrated under the superintend.
which is also expressly stated by Afiicanus (apud ence of the Piseans'and Arcadians. These Olymi
Eus. Xpov.'EA., I i. p. 39). piads the Eleans called a&oXVol7ratEs, as cele