Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

NOVELLAE. NOXALIS ACTIO. 807
period, they were called exceptores (Dig. 19. tit. 2. title is AVroltpaTopor'Iovo-rlvvavov Avyovo-rou
s. 19. ~ 9). These short-lhand writers were also Neapai Ataara5eis. Some of them were published
employed on some occasions to take down a per- in Latin and some in both languages. The first of
son's will (Dig. 29. tit. 1. s. 40). these Novellae of Justinian belongs to the year
This is the chief information we have respect- A. D. 535 (Nov. 1), and the latest to the year A.D.
ing the use of stenography by contemporary wvri- 565 (Nov. 137); but most of them were published
ters. But Isidorns, who lived in the seventh between the years 535 and 539. These Constitucentury of the Christian era, gives a more detailed tiones were published after the completion of the
account of the history of the art ()Orsi. i. 21. second edition of the Code, for the purpose of supp. 1836, ed. Gothofred). I-e ascribes the invention plying what was deficient in that work. Indeed
of the art to Ennius (?), who he says invented it appears that on the completion of his second
1100 marks (notae); but the first person who edition of the Code the Emperor designed to form
practised it at Rome he states to have been Tiro, any new constitutions, which lie might publish,
the freedman of Cicero, who, however, according into a body by themselves so as to render a third
to Isidore's account, used only notae for preposi- revision of the Code unnecessary, and that he
tions. Isidore then goes on to say that additional contemplated giving to this body of law the name
nlotae were invented by Tertius Persannius, Phi- of Novellae Constitutiones. (Const. Cordi. s. 4.)
largius, and Aquila, a freedmlan of Maecenas, till It does not however appear that any official comat length Seneca reduced the whole to a regular pilation of these new constitutions appeared in the
system, and increased the number of notae to lifetime of Justinian. The Greek text of the
5000. What truth there may be in this account, Novellae, as we now have them, consists of 165
it is impossible to say; but the view which it Novellae at the least, or 168 as some make it, of
gives of- the gradual improvement of the system which 159 belong to Justinian, and the rest to
by successive persons is, from the nature of the Justin the Second and to Tiberius: they are
case, most probable. generally divided into chapters.
The system of short hand called Notae Tiro- A large part of these Novellae relate to the adzianuae is explained in a work printed by Gruter ministration of the state and to ecclesiastical affairs;
in his 7lhesaurus Izsscriptiosmium. This work is but a considerable number relate to Privatum Jus,
ascribed in the manuscripts to Tiro and Seneca, and they modified or altered many rules of law.
but contains many words, which were onllj used There is a Latin Epitome of these Novellae by
at a much later age. It appears from this work, Julian, a teacher of law at Constantinople, which
that the Notae Tironianae were very different contains 125 Novellae. The Epitome was profrom our system of stenography, and were simple bably made in the time of Justinian, and the
abbreviations of the words, such as were used, author was probably Antecessor at Constantinople.
only to a smaller extent, in ordinary writing. There is also another collection of 134 NovelWe likewise have some manuscripts written in lae, in a Latinl version made from the Greek text.
Notae Tironianae, of which all account is given in This collection is generally called Authenticum or
the work of Kopp quoted below (Carpentier, Al- Liber Authenticorum: the compiler and the time
phabetimmn Ti'onianl7i, Paris, 1747; Kopp, Pa- of the compilation are unknown. This collection
/laeogqraphica Critica, 1817, vol. i.; Becker, Gallus, has been made independently of the Greek comvol. i. pp. 197, 198). pilation. It is divided into nine Collationes, and
NOTA CENSO'RIA. [CFNSuS.] the Collationes are divided into tituli. This was
NOTA'RII, short-hand writers, were generally the collection which the Glossatores considered as
slaves or freedmen, and are spoken of under having the authority of law.
NoTA. They were likewise called Acilarii. They The most complete work on the history of the
were also employed by the emperors (Lamprid. Novellae is by Biener, Ceschichte der Novellen. See
Alex. Sev. 28, Aturel. 36; Trebell. Claud. 14), also Beyt(rag zur Litterar-Geschichte des Novelleinand in course of time the title of Notarii was Auszzgls on Julican, Von ttaubold, Zeitschrift, &dc,
exclusively applied to the private secretaries of vol. iv. The history oftlie collections of the Novellae
the emperors, who, of course, were no longer is very confused, anditis impossible to state it corslaves, but persons of high rank. The short-hand rectly in a short space. (Puchta, Inst. i. ~ 147.)
writers were now called exceptores, as is remarked After the publication of his Codex, Theodosius
under NOTA. On the reorganisation of the em- made various new enactments under the name of
pire by Constantine, the Notarii were constituted Novellae Constitutiones, or Novellee Leges, as to
into a kind of imperial chancery, who, in addition which see CoDEx T'HoDasIANus. [G. L.]
to their reaular duties, were frequently employed NOVENDIA'LE (sc. sacersm) was the name
by the emperor on important public missions. The given to two different festivals. 1. Of a festival
first of them in rank was called Prinsicerius Nota- lasting nine days, wvhich was celebrated as often,
rior2ei, and the second, Secuasdicerius INotariorunm. as stones rained from heaven. It was originally
Others were called tribiuni et m1otarii, and another instituted by Tullus Hostilins, when there was a
class domseslici et aotaerii, who probably acted spe- shower of stones upon the Mons Albanus, and was
cially as private secretaries ofthe emperors. Others frequently celebrated in later times. (Liv. i. 31,
again who served under the Praefecti Praetorii, xxi. 62, xxv. 7, xxvi. 23, xxvii. 37, xxix. 34.)
were called Nota.rii Praetoriani (Cod. Theod. 6. 2. Of the sacrifice performed nine days after a
tit. 1 0; Cassiod. Var. vi. 16; Walter, Geselichte funeral. [F aNUS, p. 562, a.]
des Riiziscihen Rechts, ~ 345, 2d ed.) NOVI HO'MINES. [NOBILEs.]
NOVA'LE. [AnATRUM.] NOVI O'PERIS NUNTIA'TIO. [OPERIs
NOVA'TIO. [OBLIGATIONES.] NovI NUNTIATIO.]
NOVELLAE or NOVELLAE CONSTITU- NOXA. [NOxAT,IS ACTIo.]
TIO'NES form a part of the Corpus.luris. Most NOXA'LIS ACTIO. if a filiusfamilias or a
of them were published in Greek, and their Greek slave committed theft or injuria, the person injured
3 F 4