Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

790 NAVIS. NAVIS.
together. They ran round the vessel in several wrpdrovos was the rope which went from the top of
circles, and at certain distances from one another. the mainmast (capXo'Lov) to the prow of the ship,
The Latin name for vreCpcua is tormentur. (Isidor. and thus was what is now called the main-stay.
Orig. xix. 4. 4; Plato, de Re Publ. x. p. 616.) b. sdcires and icepovXoL are probably names for the
The length of these tormenta varied accordingly as same ropes which ran from the two ends of the
they ran around the higher or lower part of the sail-yard to the top of the mast. In more ancient
ship, the latter being naturally shorter than the vessels the ota's consisted of only one rope; in later
former. Their number varied according to the times it consisted of two, and sometimes four,
size of the ship. The Tessaracontores of Ptolemaeus which uniting at the top of the mast, and there
Philopator had twelve 67roeSyarTa, each 600 cu- passing through a ring, descended on the other
bits long. (Athen. v. p. 204.) Such b7rob(cyara side, where it formed the iriTrovos, by means of
were always ready in the Attic arsenals, and were which the sail was drawn up or let down. (Bickh,
only put on a vessel when it was taken into use. pp. 148-152.) Compare the lower woodcut at
Sometimes also they were taken on board when a p. 789, which shows a vessel with two ceruchi, and
vessel sailed, and not put on till it was thought the upper woodcut p. 789, which shows one witl
necessary. (Act. Apost. xxvii. 17.) The act of put- four ceruchi. c. &iyicora, Latin anquina (Isid. Oriy.
ting them on was called dvrocoovv'vam or aeaovvs6vam, xix. 4. 7), was the rope which went from the middle
or Cnam. (Polyb. xxvii. 3; Appian, B. C. v. 91; of a yard to the top of the mast, and was intended
Apoll. Ibhod. Agon. i. 368.) A Trireme required to facilitate the drawing up and letting down of the
four 57ro~C&aTa, and sometimes this number was sail. The &?yicouta a1rA'7 of Quadriremes undoubteven increased, especially when the vessel had to edly consisted of two ropes. Whether Triremes
sail to a stormy part of the sea. (B1;ckh, pp. 133- also had themr double, is uncertain. (Pollux, 1. c.;
138.) Bickh, p. 152.) d. IHIes (pedes) were in later
2.'I''lov (velum>), sail. Most ancient ships times as in the poems of Homer the ropes attached
had only one sail, which was attached with the to the two lower corners of a square sail. These
yard to the great mast. In a Trireme too one sail 7rdscs ran from the ends of the sail to the sides of
might be sufficient, but the trierarch might never- the vessel towards the stern, where they were
theless add a second. As each of the two masts of fastened with rings attached to the outer side of the
a Trireme had two sail-yards, it further follows bulwark. (Herod. ii. 36.) Another rope is called
that each mast might have two sails, one of which 7rpg7rovu, propes (Isidor. Orig. xix. 4. 3), which was
was placed lower than the other. The two be- probably nothing else than the lower and thinner
longing to the main-mast were called ia-ria cEydea, end of the 7ros, which was fastened to the ring.
and those of the fore-mast ziserta /a'creia. (Xenoph. c.'TmirEpa were the two ropes attached to the two
Ilellen. vi. 2. ~ 27; Bekker, Anecdot. pp. 19, 10.) ends of the sail-yard, and thence came down to a
The former were used on ordinary occasions, but part of the ship near the stern. Their object was
the latter probably only in cases when it was to move the yard according to the wind. In Latin
necessary to sail with extraordinary speed. The they are called opifera, which is, perhaps, only a
sails of the Attic war-galleys, and of most ancient corruption of lmypera. (Isidor. Osig. xix. 4. 6.)
ships in general, were of a square form, as is seen The last among the ro-rea is the XaXvo6s, or
in numerous representations on works of art. Whe- bridle, the nature of which is quite unknown.
ther triangular sails were ever used by the Greeks, (Bickh, p. 154, &c.)
tas has been frequently supposed, is very doubtful. 4. rIapaeptucaTa. The ancients as early as the
The Romans, however, used triangular sails, which time of Homer had various preparations raised
they called Szuppara, and which had the shape of above the edge of a vessel, which were made of skins
an inverted Greek A (V), the upper side of which and wicker-work, and which were intended as a
was attached to the yard. Such a sail had of protection against high waves, and also to serve as
course only one Yro's (pes) at its lower extremity. a kind of breast-work behind which the men might
(Schol. ad Lucan. rP/ars. v. 429; Isidor. Or(ig. xix. be safe against the darts of the enemy. These eleva3, 4; Biickh, pp. 138-143.) tions of the bulwark are called 7rapaPPqT-a, and
3. Tore7a, cordage. This word is generally ex- in the documents in Bickh they are either called
plained by the grammarians as identical with'rpiXlva, made of hair, or Xewvc&, white. They
aXotvla or iccaXoi: but from the documents in were probably fixed upon the edge on both sides
Bickh it is clear that they must have been two of the vessel, and were taken off when not wanted.
distinct classes of ropes, as the ~ro7rea are always Eachgalley appears to havehad severalrapappvJuaera,
mentioned after the sails, and the -XotLLa before two made of hair and two white ones, these four
the anchors. The o-xou'ia (funes) are the strong being regularly mentioned as belonging to one ship.
ropes to which the anchors were attached, and by (Xenoph. Hellen. i. 6. ~ 19; Biickh, p. 159, &c.)
which a ship was fastened to the land; while the 5. KaTd'CGArla and vrdnd4GXtca. The former of
Troe7rea were a lighter kind of ropes and made with these occurs in Quadriremes as well as in Triremes,
greater care, which were attached to the masts, the latter only in Triremes. Their object and
yards, and sails. Each rope of this kind was made nature are very obscure, but they appear to have
for a distinct purpose and place (0r-ros, whence been a lighter kind of 7rapdit]v/a. (Polyaen. Strut.
the name rroreoa). The following kinds are most iv. 11, 13; B1ickh, p. 160, &c.)
worthy of notice:- a. KaX.3ia or icdXot. What 6.:Xotv'a are the stronger and heavier kinds of
they were is not quite clear, though Bickh thinks it ropes. There were two kinds of these, viz. the
probable that they belonged to the standing tackle, sxolwia ayicqpEia, to which the anchor was attached,
i. e. that they were the ropes by which the mast and aXolvga eri-yva or 71riyeLa (retinacula), by
was fastened to both sides of the ship, so that which the ship was fastened to the shore or drawn
the 7rp4doyVo in the Homeric ships were only an upon the shore. Four ropes of each of these two
especial kind of KeaX.Sia, or the icaXp.~a them- kinds is the highest number that is mentioned as
selves differently placed. Ia later times the belonging to one ship. The thick ropes were made