Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

NAVIS. NAVIS. 89
the same collection, Venus leans with her left mast or top-gallant mast. (Apollon. Rhod. i. 565;
arm upon a rudder to indicate her origin from the Athen. xi. 49.) The carchesium was sometimes
sea. The rudder was managed by tile guber- made to turn upon its axis, so that by means of its
nator (,v6epvr~7'ls), who is also called the rector apparatus of pulleys, it served the purpose of a
navis as distinguished from the magister. A ship crane. (Vitruv. x. 2, 10, with Schneider's note.)
had sometimes one, but more commonly two rud- 7. The yards (icipar, stEptaantenna). The mainders (Aelian, Y. H. ix. 40; Heliod. Aethiop. v. yard was fastened to the top of the mast by ropes
p. 241, ed. Comm.; Acts xxvii. 40), and they termed ceruchi, as seen in the annexed woodcut.
were distinguished as the right and. left rudder
(IHygin. Fab. 14); but they were managed by the
same steersman to prevent confusion. (Bartoli,
1. c. iii. 31.) In larger ships the two rudders were
joined by a pole which was moved by the gubernator and kept the rudders parallel. The contrivances for attaching the two rudders to one
another and to the sides. of the ship, are called
fevyiAa (Eurip. 1Helen. 1556) or evicvTspifat (Acts,
xxvii. 40). The famous ship of Ptolemaeus Philopator had four rudders, each 30 cubits in length.
(Athen. v. p. 204; comp. Tac. Ann. ii. 6.)
3. Ladders (OrlXqati1es, scalae). Each Trireme
had two wooden ladders, and the same seems to
have been the case in -rpmaKdvsopo. (Biickh, p. 125.)
4. Poles or punt poles (Icov-rot, conti). Three of --- __
these belonged to every Trireme, which were of dif- -
ferent lengths, and were accordingly distinguished
as KOYr,'s /eyae, cKo,'rS tuKMps, and icovr-s S eo'os.
Triacontores had probably always four punt poles. To the mainvard was attached the mainsail, which
(CoNTUS; Bockh, p. 125, &c.) wa-s hoisted or let down as the occasion might re5. Iapaarar or supports for the msts. They sLquire. For this purpose a wooden hoop was made
seem to have been a kind of props placed at the to slide up and down the mast, as we see it refoot of the masts. (Isidor. Orig. xix. 2. 11.) The presented in an antique lamp, made in the form of
mast of a Trireme, as long as such props were a ship. (Bartoli, 1. c. iii. 31; comp. Isid. Orig. xx.
used, was supported by two. In later times they 15.) In the two extremities of the yard (cornea,
do not occur any longer in Triremes, and must have aKpOKcpaeat), ropes (cerscisi, K?1pouXOl) were atbeen supplanted by something else. The Triacon- tached, which passed to the top of the mast; and
tores on the other band retained their- 7rapaGrdaiT.'by means of these ropes and the pulleys connected
(Biickh, p. 126, &c.) with them, the yard and sail, guided by the hoop,
6. The mast (la-is, nmaluse). Theancients had were hoisted to the height required. (Caes. de
vessels with one, two or three masts. From Bell. Gall. iii. 14; Lucan, viii. 177; Val. Flacc. i.
Bdckh's Urkzunden we learn that two masts zwere 469.) There are numerous representations of anlissued at Athens from the vEc6ptOV for every tri- cient ships in which the antenna is seen, as in the
reme. The foremast was called &tcdreos, while two woodcuts here appended. In the second of
the mainmast was called Hirods.'-yeas'. A tria- them, there are ropes hanging down from the anconter, or a vessel with 30 rowers, had likewise tennar, the object of which was to enable the sailors
two masts, and the smaller mast here as wvell as to turn the antenna and the sail according to the
in a trireme was near the prow. In three-masted wind.
vessels the largest mast was nearest the stern.
The masts as well as the yards were usually of
fir. (Plin. H. N. xvi. 76.) The invention of
masts in navigation is attributed to Daedalus )
(Plin. I. N. vii. 56.) The part of the mast immediately above the yard (antenna), formed a structure similar to a drinking cup, and bore the name
of carchesissn (tcapXo'itov). Into it the mariners
ascended in order to manage the sail, to obtain a
distant view, or to discharge missiles. (Eurip.
JIecub. 1237, with the Schol.; Lucil. Sat. 3.) The II.::IKEVIn KPEs/eaTd.
ceruchi or other tackle may have been fastened to 1.'TYroScuara. This part of an ancient vessel
its lateral projections which corresponded to the was formerly quite misunderstood, as it was behands of a cup. (Comp. Pind. Nem. v. 94.) The lieved to be the boards or planks covering the outcarchesia of the three-masted ship built for side of a ship and running along it in the direction
Iliero II. by Archimedes were of bronze. Three from poop to prow. But Schneider (ad Vitruv. x.
men were placed in the largest, two in the next, 15. 6) has proved that the word means cordage or
and one in the smallest. Breastworks (awpciria) tackling, and this opinion, which is supported by
were fixed to these structures, so as to supply the many ancient authors, is confirmed by the docuplace of defensive armour; and pulleys (rpoX-q. ments published by BMickli, where it is reckoned
Amal, trochleae) for hoisting up stones and weapons among the -eVSq tcpeuiCacor. The biroecuaTr'a were
from below. (Athen. v. 43.) The continuation of thick and broad ropes which ran in a horizontal
the mast above the carchesium was called the direction around the ship from the stern to the
" distaff"'(AaKcT7r), corresponding to'our top- prow, and were intendel to keep the whole fabric
33