Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

788 NAVIS. NAVIS.
very improbable, as the common ships in later the rudder. (Eurip. Iph. Taur. 1346, Hel. 1554;:
times must have had five ordines of rowers on each Polyb. xvi. 3.) The oars varied in size accordingly
side, and since even the lowest of them must have as they were used by a lower or higher ordo of
been somewhat raised above the surface of the rowers, and from the name of the ordo by which
water, the highest ordo must have been at a con- they were used, they also received their special
siderable height above it, and consequently required names, viz. tcc/ral, aXdaulat, Cyiati, and aparivery long oars: the apparent improbability is still rlies. Bdckh (Urbk. p. 119) has calculated, that
more increased, when we hear of vessels with each Trireme on an average had 170 rowers. Ill
thirty or forty ordines of rowers above one another. a Quinquereme during the first Punic war, the
But that such must have been the arrangement is average number of rowers was 300 (Polyb. i.
proved by the following facts: First, In works of 26); in later times we even find as many as 400.
art, in which more than one ordo of rowers is re- (Plin. xxxii. 1.) The great vessel of Ptolemaeus
presented, they appear above one another, as in Philopator had 4000 rowers (Athen. v. p. 204),
the biremres given on pp. 784, a, 791, a, and in and the handle of each oar (E/yXeLpgitov) was partly
several others figured by Mlontfaucon Secondly, made of lead, that the shorter part in the vessel
The Scholiast on Aristophanes (Aclharn. 1106; might balance in weight the outer part, and thus
compare Aristoph. Ran. 1105) states that the lowest render the long oars manageable. The lower part
rank of rowers having the shortest oars and con- of the holes through which the oars passed, appear
sequently the easiest work, received the smallest to have been covered withleather (&ecoowa), which
pay, while the highest ordo had the longest oars, also extended a little way outside the hole. (Arisand consequently had the heaviest work and re- toph. Accharn. 97, 7with the Schol.; Schol. ad Raet.
ceived the highest pay. Thirdly, In the monstrous 367; Suidas, s. v.'Aoalcc6Aa'a and apOfEpa: comEeroaapaco,'PTp7i7 of Ptolemaeus Philopator, the pare Bbckh, Ur/c. 106, &c.) The TraptJs also condescription of which by Callixenus (ap. Altenz. v. tained the 7rephiecp, which must consequently be a
p. 203, &c.) is as authentic as it well can be, the particular kind of oars. They must have derived
height of the ship from the surface of the water to their name, like other oars, from the class of
the top of the prow (&K'pooTr6xi,) was 48 cubits, rowers by whom they were used. BMckh supatld from the water to the top of the stern (&~pAaoTa) poses that they were oars which were not regu53 cubits. This height afforded sufficient room larly used, but only in case of need, and then by
for forty ranks of rowers, especially as they did not the Epibatae. Their length in a Trireme is stated
sit perpendicularly above one another, but one at from 9 to 91 cubits, but in what part of the
rower, as may be seen in the above representation vessel they were used is unknown. Respecting
of a Bireme, sat behind the other, only somewhat oars in general see the Appendix in Arnold's
elevated above him. The oars of the uppermost Tltucqyd. vol. ii. p. 461, &c.
ordo of rowers in this huge vessel were b3 cubits 2. Tlie rudder (7ndiALov, gzlbernsaculusms). Belong. fore the invention of the rudder, which Pliny
In ordinary vessels from the Moneris up to the (H. N. vii. 57) ascribes to. Tiphys, the pilot of
Quinqueremis each oar was managed by one maan, the ship Argo, vessels must have been propelled
which cannot have been the case where each oar and guided by the oars alone. This circumstance
was 38 cubits long. The rowers sat upon little may account for the form of the ancient rudder, as
benches attached to the ribs of the vessel, and well as for the mode of using it. It was like an
called e&Asa, and in Latinfori and transltra. The oar with a very broad blade, and was commonly
lowest row of rowers was called aaAi"aosr, the placed on each side of the stern, not at its exrowers themselves, aXaAitTrat or daXad/Ato. (Schol. tremity. The annexed woodcut presents examples
td Aristopih. Acharn. 1 ] 06.) The uppermost ordo of of its appearance as it is frequently exhibited on
rowers was called apdvos, and the rowers themselves gems, coins, and other works of art. The figure
apavyra. (Thucyd. vi. 31.) The middle ordo or or- in the centre is from one of Bartoli's lamps (Luc.
dines of rowers were called Cvy, Si'yiot or vyT7rat. Ant. i. 5), and shows a Triton blowing the buccina,
(Pollux, i. 9.) Each of this last class of rowers and holding a rudder over his shoulder. The lefthad likewise his own seat, and did net, as some hand figure in the same woodcut is from a cameo
have supposed, sit upon benches running across in the Stosch collection. It represents a rudder
the vessel. (Biickh, Usr]und. p. 103, &c.) with its helm or tiller crossedby the cornucopia.
We shall pass over the various things, which Ia the third figure taken from another cameo in
were necessary in a vessel for the use and main.
tenlallce of the crew and soldiers, as well as the
machines of war which were conveyed in it, and
confine ourselves to a brief description of things
belonging to a ship as such. All such utensils are <
divided into wooden and anginag gear (-ce l7 cE\
A nWva, and ICrevr/ KpcpEtcaTard, Pollux, x. 13; Athen.'!
i.'p. 27). Xenophon (Oecon. viii. 12) adds to
these the ace6VF T7rXEiTd, or the various kinds of I
wickerwork, but these are more properly comprehended among the KpetjAaora.
I. 4KsCs6 uAlxva.
1. Oars (cJxrat, remi). The collective term for
oars is 7ajplbs, which properly signified nothing but
the blade or flat part of the oar (Herod. viii. 12; Pollux, i. 90), but was afterwards used as a collective
expression for all the oars with the exception of