Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

AGRICULTURA. AGRICULTURA. 61
land which is allowed occasionally to repose, in feeding of stock (in pecore pascendo), while the
opposition to restibilis ager, land which is cropped ninth, of a more general character, relates to nullm
unceasingly, - Ager restibilis qui restituitur ac re- ber (de numero).
seritur quotquot annis; contra qui interinittitur a The four circumstances which demand attention
novando novalis, - and hence Pliny (H. N. xviii. in purchasing stock are, a. The age of the animal
19), Novale est quod alternis annis seritur. (aetas). b. His points (cognitio formae) by which
3. Varro, in his Treatise De Re Rustica (i. 29), we determine whether he is good of his kind.
defines Seqes to mean a field which has been c. His breeding (quo sit seminio), by which we deploughed and sown; arvusn, a field ploughed but termine whether he is of a good kind. d. The
not yet sown; novalis ubi saturn fuit antequacn se- legal forms (dejure in parando) essential to render
cunda arbtione renovetur, ambiguous words which a sale valid, and the warranty which the buyer
may be interpreted to denote a field which has may demand (quemnadmodum quanzque pecudems
borne a crop, but which has not been ploughed for emi oporteat civili jure).
a second crop; in which case it will be equivalent The four circumstances to be considered after a
to afdllow field. breeding stock has been acquired are, e. The mode
4. Columella, in one passage (vi. praef. ~ 1), of feeding (pastio) in answer to the questions
employs novale solumn for new or virgin land un- where, lwhen, and willt what (in qua regione, et
touched by the plough; for in contrasting the quando et queis). f The impregnation of the
tastes of the agriculturist and the grazier, he re- female, the period of gestation, and her treatment
marks that the former delights quam meaxime sub- while pregnant, all of which are embodied in the
acto et puro solo, the latter novali gramninosoque; word fbetura. g. The rearing of the young (nsuand Varro (ii. praef. ~ 4) in like manner places no- tricatus). Ih. The preservation of their health, and
valis as pasture land, in opposition to seyes, as corn treatment when diseased (de sanitate).
land, - bos clomitus causa fit ut coscnodius nascatur i. The ninth and last inquiry (de numero) refrumentumn in segete et pabulum in novali. lates to the number of flocks and herds which can
5. Columella, in another passage, places culta be maintained with advantage in a given space,
novalia, land under tillage in a general sense, in the number of individuals which it is expedient to
opposition to rudis ager, land in a state of nature; combine into one flock or herd, and the proportions
and thus we must understand the haec tacn culta to be observed with regard to the sex and age of
novalia in Virgil's first Eclogue (v. 71), and tonsas the members of each flock and herd.
novales, the cultivated fields from which a crop has In following the divisions and topics indicated
been reaped, -a phrase which forms the connecting above, we omit the discussions on the diseases of
link between this meaning and that noticed above stock and their remedies, which abound in the
under 3. (Comp. Pallad. i. 6, ii. 10.) agricultural writers, and which form the subject of
an elaborate treatise (Mulo-nzedicina s. De Arte
13. PASTIO. Veterinaria), bearing the name of Veyetius, which
The second great department of our subject is is probably a translation or compilation from the
Pastio, s. Res Pastoricia, s. Scientia Pastoaclis, works of the Greek sr7riarpol, or veterinary surthese terms being all alike understood to denote geons, executed at a late period.
the art of providing and feeding stock so as to I. MINORES PECUDES.
yield the most ample profit.
But Pastio must be considered under the two- 1. Sheep (pecus ovillum s. oviarium) were difold forms of vided into two classes with reference to their
a. Pastio Agrestis s. Res Pecuaria, and wool.
3. Pastio Villatica. (1.) Pecus hirtumn, whose fleeces were not proThe former comprehending the management of tected artificially.
cattle, sheep, horses, &c.; the latter of poultry, (2.) Pecus Tarentinum s. Pecus Graecum s. Ores
game, fish, bees, and some other anlimals to be pellitae s. Oves tectae, whose fleeces were protected
noticed hereafter. from all external injury by skin jackets. Their
a. PASTIO AGRESTIS S. RES PECUARIA. wool being thus rendered finer, and being more
easily scoured and dyed, brought a higher price
Contains three heads: thanr any other.
I. Minores Pecudes, including, 1. Sheep; 2. Sheep were likewise divided into two classes
Goats; 3. Swine. according as they were home-fed or reared in
II. Majores Pecudes, including, 1. Kine; 2. extensive and distant pastures; we first consider
Horses; 3. Asses; 4. Mules. Varro indeed, for them under this point of view.
no reason apparently except to preserve a sort of Home-fed sheep (greyes villatici) were allowed
numerical symmetry, places mules in the third to pasture in the fields around the farm during a
division, but as they evidently belong to the same portion of the year, wherever the nature of the
class as horses and asses, we have to this extent country and the system of cultivation pursued
departed from his arrangement. rendered this practicable, or, more frequently,
III. Animals provided not for the profit which were kept constantly confined in sheds (stcaulathey yield directly in the market, but necessary septa - oiilia), built in warm and sheltered situafor the proper maintenance of the foregoing: these tions, wihh hard floors sloping outwards to prevent
are - the accumulation of moisture, which was regarded
1. Dogs (canes); 2. Feeders (pastores). as particularly injurious to both the feet and the
Again, in each of these nine subdivisions (with fleece. They were fed upon cytisus, lucerne,
the exception of mules who do not breed) atten- barley, and leguminous seeds, or when such rich
tion must be directed to nine different circuril- and succulent food could not be obtained, on hay,
stances, of which four are to be considered in the bran, chaff, grape husks, and dry leaves, espepurchase of stock (in pecore paranedo)j four in the cially those of the elm, oak, and fig, being at all