Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

MIAUSOLEUM. MEDICINA. X 74i
reconciling the discrepancy between the total and and are now deposited in the British Museum,
partial heights), which pteron was surmounted by under the name of the Budrumenz larbles. They
the pyramid; the sculptures were of course on the consist of thirteen slabs, of the uniform height of
fiieze of the order. The other apparent discre- 3 feet including the mouldings, or 2 feet 58 inches
pancy between the lengths of the sides and fronts without them, and varying in length from 2 feet
and the total circuit of the building can only 8 inches to 6 feet 11 inches. Their total length is
be satisfactorily explained by supposing that it 64 feet 11 inclies, which is nearly the same nas
stood within an enclosure, or upon a platform of that of each longer side of the building; but
the larger dimensions, namely, 440 feet in peri- they are evidently from different faces of it, aRs
meter. When we come to the details of the they cannot all be arranged in one continluous
arrangement of the parts, we find most writers composition, though some of them are continuous,
giving the simple explanation, which most readers and they show traces of the hands of variouls
of Pliny would probably adopt at first sight, that artists. Their subject is the battle of Greek
the 36 columns, of which Pliny speaks, formed a warriors with Amazons, which was as favouriti
single peristyle all round the building. (See, for a myth in Ionia and Caria as it was in Attica.
example, the restoration in Hlirt's Gesch. d. Ban- Their style is considered by competent judges
k2unst, Pl. x. fig. 14, P1. xxx. fig. 14.) To this to be inferior to what we might have expected
view there are very formidable objections; and from artists of the school of Scopas and Praxanother, which has not only the merit of being iteles; but their close resemblance to another
exceedingly ingenious, but the authority of a bas-relief of the same school, that of the choragic
most accomplished architect, is proposed by Mr. monument of Lysicrates, is admitted; and the
Cockerell, in Mr. Newton's Essay. Taking on points in which they are alleged to be deficient
the one hand Pliny's 63 feet as the length of the are just those in which we recognise the inferiority
longer side of thie peristyle, and on the other hand, of the later Attic- school to the perfect art of
calculating the dimensions of the order from the Pheidias. The suggestion of Mr. Newton, that
existing fragments of the frieze (which, in the accident may have preserved to us, cut of the
case of a work of that period of Greek art, an whole frieze, the inferior works of Bryaxis, Leoarchitect can do with as much certainty as that chares, and Timotheus, and not the better prodicwith which Professor Owen can construct a di- tions of Scopas or Praxiteles, is not only inconsistent,
2oranis from a single thigh-bone), Mr. Cockerell as he himself remarks, with Pliny's statement that
arrives at the conclusion that the 36 pillars were the sculptures were regarded as of equal merit;
arranged, in a single row of six columns on each but also, it is one of those gratuitous suppositions
firont, and in a double row of eight on each side, made to escape from a difficulty, which cannot be
at intercolumniations of 6 feet 8 inches, around a admitted without some positive proof.
1ong narrow cella, corresponding in length to six In the Roman fcausolea the form chiefly emof the columns of the peristyle, and in width to ployed was that of a succession of terraces ill
two. (See the plan and elevation in the Classical imitation of the roges. Of these the most celebrated,lheZesema, 1. c.) were those of Augustus and of Hadrian the latter
The researches of the latest travellers fuirnish a of which, stripped of its ornaments, still forms the
strong hope that good elements for reconstructing fortress of modern Rome (the Castle of S. Angelo);
the plan of the Mausoleum may be found among but of the other, which was on a still larger scale,
the fiagments of columns which are scattered about and which was considered as one of the most
the city of Budrumz, and worked into its walls. magnificent buildings of Augustus, there are only
The building was still standing in the latter some insignificant ruins. (Strabo, v. p. 236; Suet.
part (of the fourth century after Christ (Gregor. Aug. 100; Nardini, Roma A4ztica, vol. iii. p. 75,
Naz. Epsgs. cxviii.), and even as late as the tenth; ed. Nibby; fHirt, Lelre d. Gebiilude, pp. 349but it shared at length, with Halicarnassus itself, in 351, and restoration of the monuments in P1. xxx.
thealmost total destruction which fell upon the cities fig. 21, 23.) [P. S.]
of Asia Minor. For its subsequent history, the MAZO'NOMUS (Mfa'ovo4cos, dim. yuaodo'luov,
question of its site, and the chain of evidence Athen. v. 30, 34), from tcdua, a loaf, or a cake;
which proves that the marbles now in the British properly a dish for distributing bread: but the
Museum are the very reliefs with which Scopas term is applied also to any large dish used for
and his rivals adorned the sepulchre of Mausolus, bringing meat to table. (Varro, de Re Rust. iii. 4.)
the reader is referred to the very interesting ac- These dishes were made either of wood (Pollux,
count of these matters given in Mr. Newton's vii. 87), of bronze (Athen. iv. 31), or of gold
Essay. All that can here be stated is, that when (Athen. v. 27). [J. Y.]
the knights of Rhodes built the citadel of Hali- MEDIASTI'NI, the name given to slaves, used
carnassus (Budruas), in the fifteenth centsury, or for any common purpose, and are said by the
nlore probably when they strengthened its for- Scholiast upon Horace (Ep. i. 14. 14) to be those
tifications in 1522, they ussed materials obtained " qui in medio stant ad quaevis imperata parati."
from the ruins of the Mausoleum, and, among the The name is chiefly given to certain slaves belongrest, they worked into the inner wall of their for- ing to the familia rustica (Cic. Cat. ii. 3; Colulln.
tress some of the sculptured slabs which had formed i. 9, ii. 13), but it is also applied sometimes to
its frieze. Various travellers, from Thevenot to the slaves in the city. (Dig. 4. tit. 9. s. 1. ~ 5, 7. tit.
present time, have described these marbles, of 7. s. 6.)
which there is a sketch in the lonian Antiquities MEDICI'NA (iaTpcKs'), the name of that
of the Dillettanti Society (vol. ii. Stpp. P1. ii.). science which, as Celsus says (de M3:edic. lib. i.
At length our ambassador at Constantinople, Sir Praefat.), "' Sanitatem aegris promittit," and whose
Stratford Canning, obtained the permission of the object Hippocrates defines (de Arte, vol. i. p. 7,
Porte for their removal, and in February, 1846, ed. Kiihn) to be s" the delivering sick persons fi'om
they were taken down and conveyed to England, their disease, and the diminishing the force of