Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

744 MI AUSO)LEUMJ1. IA.USOLEUM.
eld Fescennina [FESCENNINA], and are frequently observing his funeral rites -with the most expencalled Epitlelao.szic. At the end of the repast the sive splendour, and by commencing the erection
bride was conducted by matrons who had not had of a sepulchral monument to him, at Halicarnasmore than one husband (pronubae), to the lectus sus, which should surpass any thing the world hild
genialis in the atrium, which was on this occasion yet seen. (See I)ict. of Biog. arts. Artesnzisi],
magnificently adorned and strewed with flowers. llzausolus.) She entrusted its erection to the
On the following day the hiusband sometimes gave architects Phileus (or Phiteus, or Pytheus) and
another entertainment to his friends, which was Satyrus, who wrote an account of the work and its
called repotia (Fest. s. v.; Horat. Sct. ii. 2. 60), sculptural decorations; and to four of the greatest
and the woman who on this day undertook the artists of the new Attic school, Scopas, Bryaxis,
management of the house of Iher husband, had to Leochares, and either Timotheus or Praxiteles, for
perform certain religious rites (Macrob. Sat. i. 15), respecting this name, Vitruvius tells us, the auon which account, as was observed above, it was thorities varied. These artists worked in emnnecessary to select a day for the marriage which lation with one another, each ulpon one face of the
was not followed by a dies ater. These rites pro- building, and, upon the death of Artemisia, who
bably consisted of sacrifices to the dii Penates. only survived her hllsband two years, they con(Cic. de Republ. v. 5.) tinued their work as a labour of love. Pliny menThe rites and ceremonies which have been men- tions a fifth artist, Pythis, who made the marble
tioned above, are not described by any ancient quadriga on the summit of the building. (Vitruv.
writer in the order in which they took place, and vii. Praef. ~ 12; Plin. I. N. xxxvi. 5. s. 4. ~ 9;
the order adopted above rests in some measure Diet. of Biog. under the namnes of the artists.)
merely upon coinjecture. Nor is it, on the other It was chiefly, Pliny tells us, on account of the
hand, clear which of the rites belonged to each of works of these artists that the Mausoleum becamne
the three forms of masriage. Thus much only is celebrated as one of the seven wonders of the world.
certain, that the most solemn ceremonies and those Unfortunately, however, the ancient authors, who
of a religious nature belonged to confarreatio. have celebrated its nmagnificence, have furnished
The position of a Roman woman after marriage us with such scanty details of its construction,
was very different from that of a Greek woman. that the restoration of its plan is almost hopeless.
The Roman presided over the whole household; (Strabo, xiv. p. 656; Cic. Tuse. Dispj. iii. 31;
she educated her children, watched over and pre- Gell. x. 18; Val. Max. iv. 6. ext. 1; Propert. iii.
served the honllour of the house, and as the mnater- 2. 1 9; Suid. Harpocr. s. rv.'APTE6rei' a,, MaOIcdofamilias she shared the holnours and respect shown Aoe.) There are, indeed, coins which give a reto her husband. Far from being confined like the presentation of it; but they are modern forgeries.
Greek women to a distinct apartment, the lRoman (taslche, s. v.; Ecklhel, vol. ii. p. 597.) The edi.matron, at least during the better centuries of the fice has so entirely vanished, that even its site
republic, occupied the most important part of the is doubtful, although some precious fragments of
house, the atriulm. (Compare Lipsius, Elect. i. 17; its sculptures survive, and are now in our own
Bittiger, Alclobr7andi. Hoc7izeit, p. ] 24, &c.; Bris- possession.
sonmus, 1De Rit lrtNpvtiearoz, de Jure Conasubii, Pliny is the only writer who gives a'y thling
Paris, 1564. 12mo.) [L. S.] like a complete description of the edifice; but
MATRO'NA. [MiATaIn ONIvuA, p. 741, a.] even in this account there are considerable diffiMATRONA'LIA, also called MIATRO- culties. The building, he tells us, extended;3
NA'LES FERIAE, a festival celebrated by the feet firom north to south, being shorter on the
Roman matrons on the 1st of Marelh in honour of fronts, and its whole circuit was 411 feet (or, acJTuno Lucina. From the many reasons which Ovid cording to the Bamberg MS. 440); it rose to the
gives why the festival was kept on this day, it is height of 25 cubits (37~- feet); and was surrounded
evident that there was no certain tradition on the by 36 columns. This part of the building was
subject; but the prevailing opinion seems to have called Pleron. It was adorned with sculptures in
been that it was instituted in memory of the peace relief, on its eastern face by Scopas, on thle
between the Rom;ans and Sabinles, which was northern by Bryaxis, on the southern by Timebrought about by means of the Sabine women. At thens, on the western by Leochares. Above this
this festival wives used to receive presents from pteron was a pyramid equal to it in height, dimitheir husbands, and at a later time girls froom their nishing by 24 steps to its summit, which was snrlovers; mistresses also were accustomed to feast mounted by the marble quadriga made by Pythis.
their female slaves. Hence we find the festival The total height, including this ornament, was
called by Martial the Saturnalia of women. (Ov. 140 feet.
FTast. iii. 229, &c.; Plaut. -Ail. iii. 1. 97; Tibull. The limits of this article do not admit of a disiii. 1; Itor. Coare. iii. 8; Mart. v. 84. 11; Suet. cussion of the various proposed restorations of the
Tresep. 19; Tertull. Idol. 14; comp. Hartung, Die plan of the edifice. They will be found enunmeReliqion der R;iner, vol. ii. p. 65.) rated and carefully examined by Mr. Charles
AMAUSOLE'UM (MavuohXe.ov), which sig- Newton, in a very valuable essay On the Scelapiaified originally tlhe seplchrele o/' fcTausolus, was tures f'om the Mausoleumz at ilclicarnassus in the
used by the Romans as a generic name for any Classical Aussezum for July, 1847, vol. v. pp. 170,
magnificent sepulchral edifice. (Paus. viii. 16. ~ 3. foll., with a chart of Halicarnassus, a restoration
s. I, and the Latisn Lexicons.) of the Mausoleum, and other illustrations.
The original building was the production of Thus much is clear enough froat Pliny's acthe piety of a wealthy queen, and the skill of count; that the edifice was composed of an oblong
the great artists of the later Ionian and Attic quadrangular cella (the pteron), surrounded by a
schools of architecture and sculpture. Mauso- peristyle of columns (which were in all probability
lus, the dynast of Caria, havinlg died in B.c. of the Ionic order), and elevated on a basement
353, his queen Artemisia evinced her sorrow by (for this supposition presents the only means of