Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

LUCE1RNA. LUCTA. 713
covered with small plates of metal.- These strap
served in part for ornament, and partly also to protect the lower region of the body in concert with
the belt ( rv-/q) and the band (stlf4pa). They are
well shown in the preceding figure of Caligula.
Instead of the straps here described, which the'
Greeks called r'rspvoyes (Xen. de Re Equest. xii.
4), the Chalybes, who were encountered by Xenophon on his retreat (Aeab. iv. 7. ~ 15), had in the f 4:'same situation a kind of cordage. Appendages of
a similar kind were sometimes fastened by hinges
to the lorica at the right shoulder, for the purpose. _ _'____
of protecting the part of the body which was exposed by lifting up the arm in throwing the spear
or using the sword. (Xen. de Re Equzest. xii. 6.)
Of Grecian cuirasses the Attic were accounted
the best and most beautiful. (Aelian, V. H. iii.
24). The cuirass was worn universally by the
heavy-armed infantry and by the horsemen, except that Alexander the Great gave to the less The lamps sometimes
brave of his soldiers breast-plates only, in order hung in chains from the
that the defenceless state of their backs might ceiling of the room (Virg.
decrease their propensity to flight. (Polyaen. Aen. i. 726; Petron. 30),
iv. 3. 13.) These were called half-cuirasses (77uL0ca- but generally stood upon a
pa~ba). The thorax was sometimes found to be stand. [CANDELABRUM.]
very oppressive and cumbersome. (Tac. Ann. i. Sometimes a figure holds
64.) [J. Y.] the lamp, as in the anLORI'CA, LORICAITIO, in architecture. nexed woodcut (Mlssuseo
[MuRvs; TECTORIUM OPUS.] Bcrbon. vol. vii. pl. 15),
LOUTRON (XourpO'). [BALNEAE.] which also exhibits the
LUCAR. [HISTrIO, p. 613, a.] needleorinstrumentwhich
LU;CERES. [PATRsCII.] served to trim the wick,
LUCERNA (AXVXos), an oil lamp. The.Greeks and is attached to the
and Romans originally used candles; but in later figure by means of a chain.
times candles were chiefly confined to the houses (Comp. Virg. aloret. 11.
of the lower classes. [CANDELIA.] A great I" Et producit ace stupas
number of ancient lamps has come down to us; humore carentes.")
the greater part of which are made of terra cotta We read of lucernae euc
(rpox?1'aroc, Aristoph. ESccl. 1), but also a con- bzcealares, IalEeares, triclisiderable number of bronze. Most of the lamps niares,seulcorales, &c.; but
are of an oval form, and flat upon the top, on which these names were oinly
there are frequently figures in relief. (See the given to the lamps on acwoodcuts, pp. 143, 395, 464.) In the lamps there count of the purposes to which they were applied,
are one or more round holes according to the num- and not on account of a difference in shape. The
ber of wicks (ellychnia) burnt in it; and as these lucernae ceubiculares were burnt in bed-chambers
holes were called from an obvious analogy, /zv- all night. (Mart. xiv. 39, x. 38.)
cKrjpes or uitatl, literally nostrils or nozzles, the Perfumed oil was sometimes burnt in the lamps.
lamp was also called ilionoxmyos, Dimnyxos, Tri- (Petron. 70; Mart. x. 38. 9.)
s5y'xos, or Polynmyxos, according as it contained (Passeri, Lucernae fictiles; Bittiger Die Silenasolle, two, three, or a greater number of nozzles or lampen, Amalth, vol. iii. p. 168, &c.; Becker,
holes for thl wicks. The following example of a CGCarikles, vol. ii. p. 215, &c., Gallus, vol. ii. p.
dimzyxcos lucerna, upon which there is a winged boy 201, &c.)
with a goose, is taken from the Museo Borbonico, LUCTA, LUCTA'TIO (erdAT, 7radLatoa,
vol. iv. pl. 14. 7raeaeiuors'ojy,1 or tcaraTAATrrtic), wrestling. The
word 7rcdhA is sometimes used in a wider sense,
embracing all gymnastic exercises with the excep-.. tion of dancing, whence the schools of the athletae
were called palaestrae, that is, schools in which
the 7radhA in its widest sense was taught. (Plat. de
Leg. vii. p. 795; Herod. ix. 33.) [PALAESTRA.]
There are also many passages in ancient writers in
which 7rdcar and 7raAaleiv are used to designate
any particular species of athletic games besides
wrestling, or a combination of several games. (See
Krause, p. 400. note 2.)
The Greeks ascribed the invention of wrestling
to mythical personages, such as Palaestra, the
The next woodcut, taken fromn the same work daughter of Hermes (Apollod. ii. 4. ~ 9), Antaeus
(vol. i. pl. 10), represents one of the most beautiful and Cercyon (Plat. de Leg. vii. p. 796), Phorbas
bronze lamps which has yet been found. Upon it of Athens, or Theseus. (Schol. ad Pind. reme. v.
is the figure of a standing Silenus. 49.) Hermes, the god of all gymnastic exercises,