Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

LEIT UI4G IA. LElTURIGIA. 67,'J
legatio libera was abused to a veNry great extent. they were simply a tax upon property connected
Cicero, therefore, icc his consulship endeavoured to with personal labour and exertion (,oes Xp'iuaice
put an end to it, but owing to the opposition of a tal TrQ a&mCeTaL AEITOVp7Ew,). Notwithstanding
tribune, he only succeeded in limiting the time of this altered character of the liturgies, we scarcely
its duration to one year. (Cic. de Lcn. iii. 8, ever find that conmplaints were nmade by persons
de Leg. Ayr. i. 3, pro Flace. 34, P/il/lip. i. 2.) subject to thenm; many wealthy Athenians, on the
Julius Caesar afterwards extended the time ducriig contrary, rauined their estates by their ambitious
iwhich a senator might avail himself of legatio libera exertions, and by the desire to nin the iavour of
to five years (Cic. ad Alt. xv. 1), cnd this law of the people. (Xen. de Rei). lth. i. 13; Denosth.
Caesar (Lex Julia) seems to have remained in c. ]ereclt.. 1155; compare Lys. l,'o hon. Aklib.
force down to a very late period. (Suet. 7l'ser. p. (i66 and 657; Isocrat. ie Big. 15; Aristot.
31; Dig. 50. tit. 7. s. 14.) [1,. S.] I'olit. v. 7. p. 173, ed. Gittling.) To do no more
LEGES. [LEx.] tlhan the law required (&durpoee-o OaL, Isaeus, (le
LE'GIO. [ExERcrTvsUS.] Apollol. c. 38) was at Athens considered as a disLEGIS ACTIO. [AcTIo.] grace, and in somne cases a wealthy Athenian,
LEGIS AQUI'LIAE ACTIO. [DAMcNi Is- even when it was not his turii, would volunteer
JaURIa ACTIO.] to perform a liturgy. (Demosth. c. lidt. p. 513,
LEGI'TIMA ACTIO. [AcTiO.] 566, &c.; compare Biickh, Pib. Econ. of' Athens,
LEG1'TIMA HERE'DITAS. [Hzaxs.] p. 448, &c., 2d ed.)
LEIPOMARTYRIOU DIKE (hAeLroCapru- All liturgies may be divided into two classes:
ploe Wc1q). [MARTYRIA..] 1. ordinary or encyclic liturgies (Etc1ciKXio1 AEs'ovpLEIPONAUTIOU GRAPHE (XEtirovar'rou yiRaL, Demosth. c. Le)t. p. 463), and 2. extraordiypaeck). The indictment for desertion from the nary liturgies. The former were called encyclic,
fleet was preferred before the tribunal of the stra- because they recurred every year at certaii festive
tegi; and the court which under their superintend- seasons, and comprised the Xopnyia, 7yvuL aoiapxia,
ence sat for the trial of this and similar military NaeCrraSapXia, &pX15OEWpia, and enrseao't which
offences was composed of citizens who had been are all described in separate articles. [CIoncE usvs;
engaged in the expedition in question. (Meier, Arit. GYM:NASIUM; LAMiPADEPHORIA; THEORIA;
Proc. pp. 108, 133.) The penalty upon conviction I-IESTIass.] Every Athenian who possessed three
seems to have been a fine, and the complete dis- talents and above, was subject to them (Demosth.
fri'annchisement of the offender and his descendants. c. Alhob. p. 833; Isacus, de Py-rrhi. Ihered. c. 80),
(Petit Leg. Alt. pp. 401, 667.) [J. S. M'.] and they were undertaken in turns by the memLEIPOSTRATLOU GRAPHE (Es7roorpa- hers of every tribe who possessed tihe property
TOU ypaep(1). The circumstances of the trial for qualification just mentioned, unless some one -odesertion from the army and the penalties inflicted lunteered to undertake a liturgy for another perupon conviction were the same as in the case of de- son. But the law did not allow any one to be
sertion fronm the fleet [LEiPONAUTiOU GIAPHE], compelled to undertake more than one liturgy at
and the offence was ailso punishable by ani eisan- a ticie (Denmosth. c. Lept. p. 462, c. Polyeletl. p.
gelia, which, Heraldus suggests, would be fire- 1209), and he who hbad in one year performed a
quently adopted when the accuser was solicitous liturgy, was free for thie next (cmace bV n &mteXsrao
to impose silence upon a political opponent by pro- C'hcaeros AELTroVpeY7, Deinosth. c. Lept. p. 459), so
curing his disfranchciseme nt, as this wats t niecessary that legally a person had to perform a liturgy only
consequence of judgment being given against the every other year. Those whose tucin it was to
defendant, and prevented his speaking or appearing undertake ally of the ordinary liturgies, were alin public. The eisangelia in such case would be way s appoistedC by their own tribe (Demosth.
preferred before the assembly of the people, by c. Alid. pp. 510, 519), or in other words, by the
vwhich, if reasonable cause appeared, it would be EirtIEAirel7a rcev, qciAfo, (Tituccanic, Griecc/. StaUtsv.
submitted to the decision of one of the ordinary p..(96, &c.), and the tribe shared praise as well
legal tribunals. (Itcrld. Asiisods..; s Salindais.uSh as blaite with its tEoVUpyO'ys.
p. 242.) [J. S. 4.]'iThe persoils who were exempt oi'on all kinds of
LEIPOTAXIOU GRAPHE (Atnroe-aliou liturgies were the nine archons, heiresses aund orypacp1). [AsTrTAmcAS GcAclcHa.] phans until after the comimencemennt of the second
LEITU'RGIA (AXESroopyia, froc ci?-o,, Ion. year of their cocning of age. (Lysias c. Diogeit.
XcTrroc, i.e. 610ut-Lov, or, according to others, p. 908; Demosth. de 5qsorisynn. p. 182.) Some7rpuraVeEov), is the ncame of certain personal ser- tinses tihe exemption from liturgices (&receia) was
vices which at Athens and in sonse other Greek granted to persons for especial merits towards the
republics, every citiczen, who possessed a certatin republic. (Ducmosth. c. lepl. p. 466, &c.)
ainount of property, had to perform towards tihe T'hei ocis incd of extraordinary liturgy to which
state. These persoital services, which in all cases tile iallne is lproperly applied, is tihe trierarchy
wer coucected wsith coinsiderable expenise, occur (TpsT qpapXia); ic the carlier times, however, the
in tihe history of Attica as early as tihe ticme of the service in the 1carmi es was in retlity no more thani
Peisistratids (Aristot. Oeconoi. ii. 5), cand were an extraordicnary liturgy. [See EISPHo/cA and
probably, if not introduced, at least sanctioned by T' RtuI c I ci.]cu In later tices, during and after
the legislation of Solon. They were at first a the Pelopolnesiasn war, whvien the expenses of a
natural consequence of thie greater political privi- liturgy were founcd too heavy for one person, we
leges enjoyed by the wealthy, who, in returni, hbad find that in manya instances two persons combined
aulso to performi heavier ducties toswards the re- to defray the expenses of a liturgy (ovsrEum'a).
putblic; but when the Athenian democracy was at Such was the case with the cholegi a ando the
its height, the original character of these liturgies trierarchcy. (I-Iermann, Polit. Ant. ~ 161. n. 12
becacme chacged, foir as every citizen ncowv cnjoyed and 13.)
thec same rights and privileges as tihe wealthiest, Litugies ic r-gar d tc the persons by whoin
x X 4