Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

! LATERNA. LATINITAS. 669
A'Agincourt, Rec. de FrazWmens, pp. 82 —88.) It (Pherecrates, p. 21.) It was carried' by a slave
has been observed by several antiquaries, that these (Plaut. Aszphitr. Prol. 149, i. 1. 185; Val. Max.
imprints upon bricks might throw considerable vi. 8. ~ 1), who was called the latesenarius. (Cic.
light upon the history and ancient geography of in Pis. 9.) [J. Y.]
the places where they are found. Mr. P. E. LATICLA'VII. [CLAvUS.]
Wiener has accordingly traced the 22nd legion LATI'NAE FE'RIAE. [FERIAE.]
through a great part of Germany by the bricks LATI'NITAS, LA'TIUM, JUS LA'TII (,b
which bear its name. (De Leg. Rose. vic. sec., Icahovu.Evov AaeTos,, Strab. p. 186, Casaub.; AaTio
Darmstadt, 1830, p. 1 06-137.) In Britain many oFrcaov,, Appian, B. C. ii. 26.) All these expressions
Roman bricks have been found in the country of are used after the Social war to signify a certain
the Silures, especially at Caer-leon, with the in- status intermediate between that of Cives and
scription LEG. II. AVG. stamped upon them. Peregrini. The word " Latinitas" occurs in Cicero
(Arcleaeologia, v. p. 35.) The bricks, frequently (ad Att. xiv. 12), where he is speaking of the Ladiscovered at York, attest the presence there of the tinitas being given to the Siculi after Caesar's
6th and 9th legions. (Wellbeloved's Eburaccum, death. Before the passing of the Lex Julia de
pp. 13, 34, 118). Civitate, Latini were the citizens of the old towns
The term latercelus was applied to various pro- of the Latin nation, with the exception of those
ductions of the shape of bricks, such as pastry or which were raised to the rank of municipia: it
confectionery (Plaut. Poen. i. 2. 115; Cato, de also comprehended the coloniac Latinae. There
Re Rust. 109); and for the same reason ingots of were before the Lex Julia only two classes, Cives
gold and silver are called lateres. (Plin. tI. N. and Peregrini; and Peregrini comprehended the
xxxiii. 17.) [J. Y.] Latini, Socii, and the Provinciales, or the free subLATERNA or LANTERNA (rndos, Aristoph. jects of the Romans beyond the limits of Italy.
Pax, 841; Pherecrates, p. 26. ed. Runkel; Au- About the year B.c. 89, a Lex Pompeia gave the
Xv'oUXos, Phrynichus, Eclog. p. 59; in later Jus Latii to all the Transpadani, and the privilege
Greek, uav6rs, Athen. xv. 58; Philox. Gloss.), a of obtaining the Roman civitas by having filled a
lantern. Two bronze lanterns, constructed with magistratus in their own cities. To denote the
nicety and skill, have been found in the ruins of status of these Transpadani, the word Latinitas
Herculaneum and Pompeii. One of them is re- was used, which since the passing of the Lex Julia
presented in the annexed woodcut. Its form is had lost its proper signification; and this was the
cylindrical. At the bottom is a circular plate of origin of that Latinitas which thenceforth existed
metal, resting on three balls. Within is a bronze to the time of Justinian. This new Latinitas or
lamp attached to the centre of the base and pro- Jus Latii was given to whole towns and countries;
vided with an extinguisher, shown on the right as for instance by Vespasian to the whole of Spain
hand of the lantern.'The plates of translucent (Plin. I-list. Nat. iii. 4); and to certain Alpine
horn, forming the sides, probably had no aperture; tribes (Latio donati, Id. iii. 20). I-adrianus gave
but the hemispherical cover may be raised so as to the Latium (Latium dedit) to many cities. (Spart.
admnit the hand and to serve instead of a door, and IIadrian. 21).
it is also perforated with holes through which the This new Latinitas was given not only to towns
smoke might escape. To the two upright pillars already existing, but to towns which were founded
supporting the frame-work, a front view of one of subsequently to the Lex Pompeia, as Latinae Cowhich is shown on the left hand of the lantern, loniae; for instance Novum-Comum, which was
chains are attached for carrying the lantern by founded B. c. 59 by Caesar. (Appian, B. C. ii.
means of the handle at the top. 26.) Several Latin towns of this class are mentioned by Pliny, especially in Spain.
Though the origin of this Latinitas, which makes
so prominent a figure in the Roman jurists, is cert ain, it is not certain wherein it differed from that
Latinitas which was the characteristic of the Latini
before the passing of the Julia Lex. It is however
clear that all the old Latini had not the same
rights, with respect to Rome; and that they could
acquire the civitas on easier terms than those by
which the new Latinitas was acquired. (Liv. xli.
12.) Accordingly the rights of the old Latini
might be expressed by the term Majus Latium,
and those of the new Latini by the term Minus
Latimn, according to Niebuhr's ingenious emendation of Gaius (i. 96). The Majus Latium might
be considered to be equivalent to the Latium Antiquum and Vetus of Pliny (iv. 22); for Pliny, in
describing the towns of Spain, always describes
the proper colonies as consisting " Civium Romanorum," while he describes other towns as consistWe learn from Martial's epigrams (xiv. 61, 62) ing sometimes "Latinorum" simply, and sometimes
that bladder was used for lanterns as well as horn. " Latinorum veterum," or as consisting of oppidani
Some centuries later glass was also substituted. "Latii veteris;" from which an opposition be(Isid. Orig. xx. 10.) The most transparent horn tween Latini Veteres and Latini simply might be
lanterns were brought from Carthage. (Plaut. AiW. inferred, But a careful examination of Pliny
iii. 6. 30.) When the lantern was required for rather leads to the conclusion that his Latini Veuse, the lamp was lighted and placed within it. teres and Latini are the same, and that by these