Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

JUSJURANDUM. JUSJURANDUM. 661
297), Socrates tA Trv,'Avarvo1vY, &c. (Nub. 627.) 1088, Elect. 758, 1063.) N4, however, is never
(See further Vesp. 83, Aves, 54, 161 1, Ran. 336, used by the tragedians, who always employ a para11 69.) phrase in affirmative oaths, such as 5ebbv auapTVpe —
Women also had their favourite oaths. As the Oai.'E7ropyvrvaL is used affirmatively, &aroptv6vat
men preferred swearing by Hercules, Apollo, &c., negatively, according to Eustathius. (Hom. Od.
so the other sex used to swear by Aphrodite, De- ii. 377.) ALdJuvaOaL is to swear strongly, to
meter, and Persephone, Hera, Hecate, Artemis; protest. (Soph. Trach. 378.) "Opciov, though
and Athenian women by Aglauros, Pandrosus, &c. often used synonymously with lpKlos, signifies
(Lucian, Dial. Meretr. 7; Xcn. Memnor. i. 5. ~ 5; more strictly a compact ratified by oath; iopicsa
Aristoph. Lysist. 81, 148, 208, 439, Eccles. 70, TdiAVei, is to make a compact with oaths and
Tliesm. 286, 383, 533; Theocr. Idyll. xv. 14.) sacrifice; and through the frequent practice of
The security which an oath was supposed to sacrificing on such occasions, it came that 9pILov
confer induced the Greeks, as it has people of mo- was sometimes used for the victim itself. (Hom.
dern times, to impose it as an obligation upon per- II. iii. 245.) In the phrase o'Lvy'vaL iKa0' iepV, the
sons invested with authority, or intrusted with the original meaning of tcar&a was, that the party laid
discharge of responsible duties. (Plato, de Leg. xii. his hand upon the victims; but the same phrase
p. 948.) The Athenians, with whom the science is used metaphorically in other cases, where there
of legislation was carried to the greatest perfection, could be no such ceremony. Thus CarhT XIA'IWP
were, of all the Greek states, the most punctilious ebx3,v 7roriacruOat XLdapwv (Arist. Equit. 660) is
in this respect. The youth, entering upon his 20th to make a vow to offer a thousand kids; as tlsou/gh
year, was not permitted to assume the privileges of /ce palty vopw iy layed his heands upon the kids at
a citizen, or to be registered in the LtaupXlctcb /ie time, as a kind of'stake. The same observation
yppayl1aTre0ov, without taking a solemn oath in the applies to oAv6urat Icao"' EdcAelas. (Comp. Latemple of Aglauros to obey the laws and defend saulz, Ueber den Eid bei den Griec/en, Wiirzburg,
his country. (The form of his oath is preserved in 1844.)
Pollux, viii. 105.) The archon, the judge, and the 2. ROMAN. The subject of Roman oaths may
arbitrator, were required to bind themselves by an be treated under four different heads, viz.: - 1.
oath to perform their respective duties. (See Pol- Oaths taken by magistrates and other persons who
lux,. c.; Hudtwalcker, iiber die Diit. p. 10; and entered the service of the republic. 2. Oaths
DICASTEs.) As to the oath taken by the Senate taken in transactions with foreign nations in the
of Five Hundred, see Demosth. c. Timoc. 745. name of the republic. 3. Oaths, or various modes
As to the oath of the witness, and the voluntary of swearing in common life. 4. Oaths taken beoath of parties to an action, see MARTYRIA. The fore the praetor or in courts of justice.
importance, at least apparently, attached to oaths I. Oaths taken by?magistrates and other persons
in courts of justice, is proved by various passages wzho entered the service of tie republic. — After the
in the orators. (Andoc. de lMyst. 5; Lycurg. c. establishment of the republic the consuls, and subLeocr. 157. ed. Steph.; Antiph. de nu. lierod. 139, sequently all the other magistrates, were obliged,
140. ed Steph.; Demosth. c. Apliob. 860.) Demos- within five days after their appointment, to prothenes constantly reminds his judges that they are mise on oath that they would protect and observe
on their oaths, and Lycurgus (I. c.) declares that the laws of the republic (in leyes jurare, Liv. xxxi.
Tb (TvEixov, r'rv 871otcpa'av gaPKDS E'-[s. 50; compare Dionys. v. 1.). Vestal virgins and
The experience of all nations has proved the the flamen dialis were not allowed to swear
dangerous tendency of making oaths too common. on any occasion (Liv. 1. c.; Fest. s. X. Jurare;
The history of Athens and of Greece in general Plut. Quaest. Roma. p. 275), but whether they also
furnishes no exception to the observation. While entered upon their sacred offices without taking an
in the popular belief and in common parlance oaths oath analogous to that of magistrates is unknown.
continued to be highly esteemed, they had ceased When a flamen dialis was elected to a magistracy,
to be of much real wealth or value. It is impos- he might either petition for an especial dispensasible to read the plays of Aristophanes, the orators, tion (ut legibus solveretG'), or he might depute
and other writers of that period, without seeing some one to take the oath for him. But this could
that perjury had become a practice of ordinary not be done unless the permission was granted by
occurrence. The poet who wrote that verse which the people. The first Roman consuls seem only
incurred the censure of the comedian, yAYoaXo'' to have sworn that they would not restore the
U0caox', h0 Be oppvY avwl&oTos (Eur. IIimpol. 612; kingly government, nor allow any one else to do
Aristoph. TLhesm. 275), was not the only person so (Liv. ii. 1; DionVs. 1. c.), and this may have
who would thus refine. The bold profligacy de- been the case till alil fears of such a restoration
scribed by Aristophanes (Nub. 1232-1241, having vanished, the oath was changed into a
Equit. 298) was too often realized in action. To jusjurandum in leges. The consular oath -was
trace the degeneracy of the Greek character be- occasionally taken under the empire. (Plin.
longs not to this place. We conclude by reminding Paney. 64.)
our readers that in a later age the Greeks became During the later period of the republic we also
a by-word among the Romans for lying and bad find that magistrates, when the time of their office
faith. (Cic.pro Flacco, 4; Juv. Sat. iii. 60, &c.) had expired, addressed the people and swore that
A few expressions deserve notice. Ni is used during their office they had undertaken nothing
by Attic writers in affirmative oaths, pg in nega- against the republic, but had done their utmost to
tive. The old form of affirmation, still preserved promote its welfare. (Cic. ad FamEs. v. 2. ~ 7, pro
by the other Greeks, and used by Xenophon, was S2lln, 11, in Pison. 3, pro Dom. 35; Dion Cass.
ralt L&. (Xen. Mem. ii. 7..~ 14, Apol. Socr. 20.) xxxvii. p. 52, xxxviii. p. 72, liii.p. 568, ed. Steph.;
N4i is nothing more than anotherfornm of al, used Liv. xxix. 37.) In some cases a tribune of the
with an accusative case, pah being omitted, as it people might compel the whole senate to promise
often is in negative oaths. (Soph. Oed, Tyr, 660, on oath that they would observe a plebiscitum,
uv 3