Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

f652 JUGUM. JUGUM.
was used for a square measure of surface, theju- shown in the upper figure of the woodcut, or of the
ersm72, by a natural analogy, became the double of excavations (yxviSa1) cut in the yoke, with the
the actus quudeatuts; and that this new meaning baslds of leather (lora; vincla, Tib. ii.. 7; Taav.
of it superseded its old use as the double of the poBerw7 1l3psra, EraoXvI, Brunck, Anal. iii. 44,
single actus. The uncial division [As] was ap- XAradSra), which are seen in the lower figure.
plied to the jugerum,, its smallest part being the
scmrpulu7s. of 10 feet square, =-100 square feet.
Thus the jugeerum contained 288 scrupula. (Varro,
R. R. 1. c.) The jugerum was the common measure of land among the Romans. Two juygera
formed an LeresdiuZm, a hundred lherediac a ce/ntmua,
and four ceeturiae a saltus. These divisions were
derived from the original assignment of landed
property, in which two jugera were given to each
citizen as heritable property. (Varro, I.c.; Niebuhr, Hist. of Romee, vol. ii. pp. 156, &e., and Appendix ii.) [P. S.]
JUGUM (Cv-ybs, Cvryb), signified in general
that which joined two things together. It denoted
more especially,
1. In architecture any cross beam (Vitruv. x. 8.
19).
2. The transverse beam which united the iupright posts of a loom, and to which the warp was
attached. (Ovid. Met. vi. 55.) [TELA]
3. The transverse rail of a trellis (Varro, de Re This figure also shows the method of tying the
Rust. i. 8; Col. dee Re Rust. iv. 17, 20, xii. 15, yoke to the pole (terno, pviCo's) by means of a
Geopon. v. 29), joining the upright poles (perticae, leathern strap (Cvuyddf3sEoc, Hom. II. v. 730, xxiv.
XapaKes) for the support of vines or other trees. 268-274), which was lashed from the two op[CAPITRauM.] Hence by an obvious resemblance posite sides over the junction of the pole and yoke.
the ridges uniting the tops of mountains were These two parts were still more firmly connected
called juga monutizz. (Virg. Eel. v. 76; Flor. ii. by means of a pin (ElsoAxos, Schol. in Eurip. Hip3, 9, 17, iii. 3.) pol. 666; (E'rocp, Hom. I. c.; Arrian. Eped.
4. The cross-bar of a lyre. (Hom. II. ix. 187.) Alex. ii. p. 85, ed. Blan.; *UeSpvoov, Hes. I. c.),
5. A scale-beam, and hence a pair of scales which fitted a circular cavity in the middle of the
[LIBRA]. The constellation Libra was conse- yoke (3paXbss, Hom. 1. e.). Homer represents the
quently also called Jugum. (Cic. Div. ii. 47.) leathern band as turned over the fastening thrice
6. The transverse seat of a boat. (Aeschyl. in each direction. But the fastening was someAgain. 1608; Soph. Ajax, 247; Virg. Aez. vi. times much more complicated, especially in the case
411.) This gave origin to the term 5vyiyl-s, as of the celebrated Gordian knot, which tied the
applied to a rower. A vessel with many benches yoke of a common cart, and consisted only of flexior banks for the rowers was called v-qs sroXv(?,yos ble twigs or bark, but in which the ends were so
or iT'rci7os, (Hom. i. iii. 293, xx. 247.) concealed by being inserted within the knot, that
7. The yoke by which ploughs and carriages the only way of detaching the yoke was that which
were drawn. The yoke was in many cases a Alexander adopted. (Arrian, L. c.; Q. Curt. iii. 2;
straight wooden plank or pole laid upon the Schol. in Eurip. 1. e.)
horses' necks;.but it was commonly bent to- Besides being variegated with precious materials
wards each extremity, so as to be accommodated and with carving, the yoke, especially among the
to the part of the animal which it touched (cuarv Persians, was decorated with elevated plumes and
juga, Ovid. Fast. iv. 216, Trist. iv. 6. 2). The figures. Of this an example is presented in a
following woodcut shows two examples of the bas-relief from Persepolis, preserved in the British
yoke, the upper from a MS. of Hesiod's Works Museum. The chariot of Dareius was remarkable
and Days, preserved at Florence, the lower from a for the golden statues of Belus and Ninus, about
NIS. of Terence belonging to the Vatican library. eighteen inches high, which were fixed to the yoke
These may be compared with the still ruder forms over the necks of the horses, a spread eagle, also
of the yoke as now used in Asia Minor, which are wrought in gold, being placed between them. (Q.
introduced in the article ARATRUM. The practice Curt. iii. 3.) The passages above cited show that
of having the yoke tied to the horns and pressing when the carriage was prepared for use, the yoke
upon the foreheads of the oxen (ccpite, inon cervice which had been laid aside, was first fastened to
junctis, Plin. IH. N. viii. 70), which is now com- the pole, and the horses were then led under it.
mon on the continent of Europe, and especially in Either above them, or at the two ends of the
France, is strongly condemned by Columella on yoke, rings were often fixed, through which the
grounds of economy as well as of humanity. (De reins passed. These frequently appear in works of
Re Rust. ii. 2.) He recommends that their heads ancient art, representing chariots.
should be left free, so that they may raise them Morningf and evening are often designated in
aloft and thus make a much handsomer appearance. poetry by the act of putting the yoke on the oxen
(Cic. Nat. Deor. ii. 63; Ovid. MlTet. vii. 211.) (Hes. Op. et Dies, 581) and taking it off. (Hor.
All this was effected by the use either of the two Car'7. iii. 6. 42; Virg. Ecl. ii. 66; Ovid. Fast.
collars (suebjugia, Vitruv. x. 3. 8; jtecU'a, I-Iesiod. v. 497; 3ovuSvo-s, f3ouvvrbs, Arrian, I c.; Hom,
aO. et Dies, 469; Proclus, ad loc.; CE-yXat, Hom. II. xvi. 779; Cic. ad Att. xv. 27; BovXAurtos Sp-S
n. xix. 406; Schol. ad Apoll. Riod. iii. 232) Arat. Dies. 387.)