Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

6:38 INSIGNE. INSIGNE.
was not bound to give damages to that amount, he golden ring, the augustus clavus [p. 2941, and the
seldom gave less. An injuria had the character seat provided for them in the theatre and the circus.
of atrox, either from the act itself, or the place (C.G. Schwartz,Diss. Selectae,pp.84-101.) The
where it was done, as for instance, a theatre or insignia of the kings of Rome, viz. the trabea, the
forum, or from the condition of the person injured, toga-praetexta, the crowni of gold, the ivory sceptre,
as if he were a magistratus, or if he were a senator the sella curulis, and the twelve lictors with fasces,
and the wrong-doer were a person of low condition. all of which except the crown and sceptre were
A Lex Cornelia specially provided for cases of transferred to subsequent denominations of magis-,1- tio, verberatio, and forcible entry into a man's strates, were copied from the usages of the Etrushouse (donues). The jurists who commented on cans and other nations of early antiquity. (Flor.
this lex defined the legal mealing of pulsatio, ver- i. 5; Sallust, B. Cut. 51; Virg. Aen. vii. 188, 612,
beratio, and domus. (Dig. 47. tit. 10. s. 5.) xi. 334; Lydus, de lu1ag. i. 7, 8, 37.)
The actions for Injuria were gradually much ex- IL. Badges worn by soldiers. The centurions
tended, and the praetor would, according to the in the Roman army were known by the crests of
circumstances of the case (causa cognita), give a their helmets [GALEA], and the common men by
person an action in respect of any act or conduct their shields, each cohort having them painted ins a
of another, which tended, in the judgment of the manner peculiar to itself. (Veget. ii. 18; compare
praetor, to do him injury in reputation or to wound Caes. Bell. Gall. vii. 45.) [CLIPETJS.] Among
his feelings. (Dig. 47. tit. 10. s. 15, 22, 23, 24, the Greeks the devices sculptured or painted upon
&c.) Many cases of Ilnjuria were subject to a shields (see woodcut, p. 298), both for the sake
special punishment (Dig. 47. tit. 11) as deportatio; of ornament and as badges of distinction, emand this proceeding extra ordinem was often ployed the fancy of poets and of artists of every
adopted instead of the civil actien. Various imperial description from the earliest times. Thus the
constitutions affixed the punishment of death to seven heroes who fought against Thebes, all ex.
libellous writings (fiamosi libelli). [LIBEIL.] cept Amphiaraus, had on their shields expressive
IIlfamia was a consequence of condemnation in figures and mottoes, differently described, however,
an actio Injuriarum [INFAnVIIA]. He who brought by different authors. (Aeschyl. Sept. c. Tleb. 383
such an action per calumniam was liable to be -646; Eurip. l'hoen. 1125-1156; Apollodor.
punished extra ordinem. (Gaius, iii. 220-225; Bibl. iii. 6. ~ 1.) Alcibiades, agreeably to his
Hor. Sat. i. 1. 80; Dig. 47. tit. 10; Cod. Theod. general character, wore a shield richly decorated
ix. tit. 34; Cod. ix. tit. 36; Paulus, Sent. Recep. with ivery and gold, and exhibiting a representav. tit. 4; Rein, Das Crimmefihalrec/it der R6mmer, tion of Cupid brandishing a thunderbolt. (Athen.
p. 35, &c.) [G. L.] xii. p. 534, e.) The first use of these emblems onI
INJURIA'RUM ACTIO. [INJURIA.] shields is attributed to the Carians (Herod. i. 171);
INOA ('IYaa), festivals celebrated in several and the fictitious employment of them to deceive
parts of Greece, in honour of the ancient heroine and mislead an enemy was among the stratagems
mIo. At Megara she was honoured with an annual of war. (Paus. iv. 28. ~ 3; Virg. Aen. ii. 389-392.)
sacrifice, because the Megarians believed that her III. Family badges. Among the indignities
body had been cast by the waves upon their coast, practised by the Emperor Caligula, it is related
and that it had been found and buried there by that he abolished the ancient insignia of the
Cleso and Tauropolis. (Paus. i. 42. ~ 8.) Another noblest families, viz. the torques, the ciucinni, and
festival of Ino was celebrated at Epidaurus Limera, the cognomen " Magnus." (Sueton. Canlig. 35.)
in Laconia. In the neighbourhood of this town IV. Signs placed on the front of buildings. A
there was a small but very deep lake, called the figure of Mercury was the common sign of a
water of Ino, and at the festival of the heroine the GvMNASIUAI; but Cicero had a statue of Minerva
people threw barley-cakes into the water. AWhen to fulfil the same purpose. (Ad Att. i. 4.) Cities
the cakes sank it was considered a propitious sign, had their emblems as well as separate edifices;
but when they swam on the surface it was an evil and the officer of a city sometimes affixed the
sign. (Paus. iii. 23. ~ 5.) An annual festival, emblem to public documents as we do the seal of a
with contests and sacrifices, in honour of Ino, was municipal corporation. (Antigonus Caryst. 1 5.)
also held on the Corinthian Isthmus, and was said V. The figure-heads of ships. The insigne of a
to have been instituted by king Sisyphus. (Tzetzes, ship was an image placed on the prow, and giving
ad Lycopshr.) [L. S.] its name to the vessel. (Tacit. Ann. vi. 34; Caes.
INOFFICIO'SUM'TESTAME'NTUM. B. Civ. ii. 6.) Paul sailed from Melite to Puteoli
[TESTAMENTUAI.] in the Dioscuri, a vessel which traded between
INQUILI'NUS. [ExSILIUMa, p. 516, b.] that city and Alexandria. (Acts, xxviii. 11.)
INSA'NIA, INSA'NUS. [CuRATOR.] Enschedd has drawn out a list of one hundred
INSIGNE (orneiomi, 1E7r10/ma, reia7ytpo', 7rapci- names of ships, which occur either in classical
(rouomo), a badge, an ensign, a mark of distinction. authors or in ancient inscriptions. (Diss. de Tsst.
Thus the BULLA wornl by a Rouman boy was one et Insignibus Naviums, reprinted in Ruhnken,
of the insignia of his rank. (Cic. Verr. ii. 58.) Opusc. pp. 257-305.) The names were those of
Five classes of insignlia more especially deserve gods and heroes, together with their attributes,
notice:- such as the helmet of Minerva, painted oni the
I. Those belonging to officers of state or civil prow of the ship which conveyed Ovid to Pontus
functionaries of all descriptions, such as the FASCES (a picta casside Inomnen hlabet, Tist. i. 9. 2); of
carried before the CONSUL at Rome, the: laticlave virtues and affections, as Hope, Concord, Victory;
and shoes worn by senators [CALCETJU; CLAVUS], of countries, cities, and rivers, as the Po, the Mlinthe carpentum and the sword bestowed by the cius (Virg. Aen. x. 206), the Delia, the Syracuse,
emperor upon the praefect of the praetorinmt. the Alexandria (Athen. v. 43); and of men,
(Lydus, de Mlfa. ii. 3. 9.) The Roman EQUITESr women, and animals, as the boar's head, which
were distinguisLed by the " equus publicus," the distinguished the vessels of Samos (Herod. iii. 59;