Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

INFULA. INJURIA.:637
mus infantiae or infanti (Gaius, iii. 109), are used Livy (x. 8). If Cincius meant his proposition to
by the Roman jurists to signify respectively one be as comprehensive as the terms will allow us to
who is near attaining Pubertas, and one who has take it, the proposition is this:-All (now) ingenui
just passed the limit of Infantia. (Savigny, Systelnm comprehend all (then) patricii; which is untrue.
des JLeut. R. R. vol. iii.) [IMPUBEs.] [G. L.] Under the empire, Ingenuitas, or the Jura In.
INFE'RIAE. [FuNus, p. 562, b. ] genuitatis, might be acquired by the imperial
I'NFULA, a flock of white and red wool, which ftvour'; that is, a person, not ingenuus by birth,
was slightly twisted, drawn into the form of a was made so by the sovereign power. A freedman
wreath or fillet, and used by the Romans for orna- who had obtained the Jus Annulorum Aureorum,
ment on festive and solemn occasions. In sacri- was considered ingenuus; but this did not interficing it was tied with a white band [VITTA] to feore with the patronal rights. (Dig. 40. tit. 10. s.
the head of the victim (Virg. Geoyq. iii. 487; 5 and 6.) By the natalibus restitutio the princeps
Lucret. i. 88; Sueton. CablS. 27), and also of the gave to a libertinus the character of ingenuus; a
priest, more especially in the worship of Apollo form of proceeding which involved the theory of
and Diana. (Virg. Aen. ii. 430, x. 538; Servius, the original freedom of all mankind, for the liberin loc.; Isid. Oriig. xix. 30; Festus, s. v. Ifillae.) tinus was restored, not to the state in which he
The " torta infula " was worn also by the Vestal had been born, but to his supposed original state of
Virgins. (Prud. c. Sy/m. ii. 1085, 1094.) Its use freedom. In this case the patron lost his patronal
seems analogous to that of the lock of wool worn rights by a necessary consequence, if the fiction
by the flamines and salii [APEX]. At Roman were to have its full effect. (Dig. 40. tit. 11.) It
marriages the bride, who carried wool upon a dis- seems that questions as to a man's ingenuitas were
taff in the procession [Fusus], fixed it as an infula common at Rome; which is not surprising, when
upon the door-case of her future husband on enter- we consider that patronal rights were involved in
ing the house. (Lucan, ii. 355; Plin. H. A. xxix. them. [G. L.]
2; Servius, in Viry. Acn. iv. 458.) [J. Y.] INGRA'TUS. [PATRONTvS.]
INGEtNUI, INGENUITAS. Freemen (li- INJURIA. Injuria, in the general sense, is
beri) were either ingenui or libertini. Ingenui are opposed to Jus. In a special sense injuria was
those free men who are born free. (Gaius, i. ].1.) done by striking or beating a man either with the
Libertini are those who are manumitted from legal hand or with any thing; by abusive words (cozslavery. Though freedmen (libertini) were not viciun); by the proscriptio bonorum, when the
ingenui, the sons of libertini were ingenni. A claimant knew that the alleged debtor was not
libertinus could not by adoption become ingenuus. really indebted to him, for the bonorum proscriptio
(Gell. v. 19.) If a female slave (ancilla) was was accompanied with infamia to the debtor (Cic.
pregnant, and was manumitted before she gave pro Quint. 6, 15, 16); by libellous writings or
birth to a child, such child was born free, and verses; by soliciting a mater familias or a praetherefore was ingentuus. In other cases, also, the textatus,,[lmPUvEs]; and by various other acts.
law favoured the claim of free birth, and conse- A man might sustain injuria either in his owll
quently of ingenuitas. (Paulus, Sent. Rccept. iii. person, or in the person of those who were in his
24, and v. 1. De liberali cause.) If a man's in- power or in manu. No injuria could be done to a
genuitas was a matter in dispute, there wias a slave, but certain acts done to a slave were an injudicium ingenuitatis. (Tacit. Anlz. xiii. 27; juria to his master, when the acts were such as
Paulus, S. R. v. 1.) appeared from their nature to be insulting to the
The words ingennus and libertinus are often master; as, for instance, if a man should flogr
opposed to one another; and the title of freeman another man's- slave, the master had a remedy
(liber), which would comprehend libertinus, is against the wrong-doer, which was given him by
sometimes limited by the addition of ingenuus the praetor's formula. But in many other cases of
(liber et ingenuus, 11or. Ar. P. 383). According a slave being maltreated, there was no regular
to Cincius, in his work on Comitia, quoted by formula by which the master could have a remedy,
Festus (s. v. Patricios), those who, in his time, and it was not easy to obtain one from the praetor.
were called ingenui, were originally called patricii, The Twelve Tables had various provisions on
which is interpreted by Goettling to mean that the subject of Injuria. Libellous songs or verses
Gentiles were originally called Ingenui also: a were followed by capital punishment, that is,
manifest misunderstanding of the passage. If this death, as it appears (Cic. Rep. iv. 10, and the
passage tas any certain meaning, it is this: ori- notes in Mai's edition). In the case of a limb
ginally the name ingenuus did not exist, but the being mutilated the punishment was Talio (Festus,
word patricius was sufficient to express a Roman s. v. Talio). In the case of a broken bone, the
citizen by birth. This remark then refers to a penalty was 300 asses if the injury was done to a
time when there were no Roman citizens except freeman, and 150 if it was done to a slave. In
patricii; and the definition of ingenuus, if it had other cases the Tables fixed the penalty at 25 asses.
then been in use, would have been a sufficient de- (Gellius, xvi. 10, xx. 1; Dirksen, Uebersicht, &c.)
finition of a patricius. But the word iIgenllus was These penalties which were considered sufficient
introduced, in the sense here stated, at a later time, at the time when they were fixed, were afterwards
and when it was wanted for the purpose of indicat- considered to be insufficient; and the injured pering a citizen by birth, merely as such. Thus, in son was allowed by the praetor to claim such
the speech of Appius Claudius Crassus (Liv. vi. da.mages as he thought that lie was entitled to, aind
40), he contrasts with persons of patrician descent, the judex might give the full amount or less. But'" Unus Quiritium quilibet, duobus ingenuis or- in the case of a very serious injury (atrox injuria),
tus." Further, the definition of Gentilis by when the praetor required security for the defendScaevola [GzENS, p. 567], shows that a man might ant's appearance to be given in a particular sum,
be ingenunts and yet not geltilis, for he might be it was usual to claim such suim as the damages in
the son of a freedman; and this is consistent with the plaintiff's declaration, and though the judec