Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

626 JANUA..TANUA.
Even each valve was sometimes double, so as to - it the 7.i)paetruo, and his language implies that i
fold like our window-shutters (duplices comnplica- was commonly used in temples.
bilesque, Isid. Orig. xv. 7). The mode of attach- The folding-doors exhibited in the last woodcut,
ing doors to the door-way is explained under the instead of a rebate such as we employ, have an uparticle CARDO. right bronze pilaster standing in the middle of the
The remaining specimens of ancient doors are door-way, so as to cover the joining of the valves.
all of marble or of bronze; those made of wood, The fastenings of the door (claustra, Ovid. Amor.
which was by far the most common material, have i. 6. 17; obices) commonly consisted in a bolt
perished. The door of a tomb at Pompeii (Mazois, (pessullus; cbvsaXos, ixaroXeus, KicAepo, Altt.
Ruines de Ponzpei, vol. i. pl. xix. fig. 4) is made KcAiOBpov, Soph. Oed. Tyr. 1262, 1287, 1294)
of a single piece of marble, including the pivots, placed at the base of each foris, so as to admit of
which were encased in bronze, and turned in being pushed into a socket made in the sill to resockets of the same metal. It is 3 feet high, 2 feet ceive it (7rvOIAPv, Sopb. Oed. Tyr. 1261). The
9 inches wide, 41 inches thick. It is cut in front Pompeian door-ways show two holes correspondto resemble panels, and thus to approach nearer ing to the bolts of the two fores (Gell, Pooipeiana,
to the appearance of a common wooden door, and 2nd Ser. vol. i. p. 167); and. they agree with
it was fastened by a lock, traces of which remain. numerous passages which mention in the plural
The beautifully wrought tombs of Asia Minor number" the bolts," or," both tie bolts "' of a door.
and other eastern countries have stone doors, (Plaut. Aeull. i. 2. 26, Cure. i. 2. 60-70; Soph.
made either to turn on pivots or to slide sideways II. cc.; Callim. in AJpoll. 6.)
in grooves. Doors of bronze are often mentioned The annexed woodcut shows an ancient bolt
by ancient writers. (Herod. i. 179; Plin. I N.V. preserved in the Museum at Naples. (SMazois,
xxxiv. 7.) The doors of a supposed temple of R ines de Pomnpi, vol. i. part. 2. pl. vii.)
Remus, still existing at Rome, and now occupied
as a Christian church, are of this material. Mr. (
Donaldson (Collection of Door-ways from Ancient
Buildinqs, London, 1833,pl.21) has represented A
them filling up the lower part of the door-way of.! ti I
the temple at Cora, as shown in the last woodcut, \' I
which is taken from him. The four panels are F ~ " J
surrounded by rows of small circles, marking the KJ2
spots on which were fixed rosettes or bosses, similar to those which are described and figured in the
article BULLA, and which served both to strengthen
and to adorn the doors. The leaves of the doors
were sometimes overlaid with gold, which was an
Eastern practice, as we see from the doors inthe
temple of Solomon at Jerusalem (1 KiPgs, vi. 32 —
35); at other times they were enriched with the
most exquisite carving. (Ovid. Mlet. viii. 705; Virg.
GeoPrg. iii. 26, Aen. vi. 20-33.) Those in the temple
of Minerva, at Syracuse, are said by Cicero (Verr.
iv. 56) to have exceeded all others in the curious
and beautiful workmanship executed upon them in
gold and ivory. "' It is incredible," says he, " how
many Greeks have left writings descriptive of the
elegance of these valves." One of the ornaments
was " a most beautiful Gorgon's head with tresses
of snakes," probably occupying the centre of a
panel. In addition to the sculptures upon the By nighllt, the front-door of the house was further
valves themselves, the finest statues were some- secured by means of a wooden and sometimes an
times placed beside them, probably at the base of iron bar (sera, repagzla, luoXAbs) placed acrmss it,
the antepagmenta, as in the magnificent temple of and inserted into sockets, on each side of the doorJuno in Samos. (Cic. Verr. i. 23.) In the way. (Festus, s.v. Adserere; Ovid. rlmor. i. 6.
lhncied palace of Alcinous (Od. vii. 83-94) the 24-56.) Hence it was necessary to remove the
door-case, which was of silver with a threshold of bar (Tbsv LoXXbv, rapdipepets &as & ouXAEVsev, Eurip.
bronze, included folding-doors of gold; whilst dogs, Aled. 1309) in order to open the door (reserare).
wrought in gold and silver, guarded the approach, (Theophrast. C/iars. 18; Plutarch, Pelop. p. 517,
probably disposed like the avenue of sphinxes be- ed. Steph.; Plaut. Cist. iii. 18; Ovid. 11let. v. 120.)
fore an Egyptian temple. As luxury advanced Even chamber-doors were secured in the same
among the Romans metal took the place of wood, manner (Heliodor. vi. p. 281, ed. Comm.; cu2biculi
even in the doors of the interior of a house. Hence obseratis foribus, Apul, iklo. ix.); and here also,
the Quaestor Sp. Carvilius reproved Camillus for in case of need, the bar was employed as a further
having his chamber doors covered with bronze security in addition to the two bolts (/aCOpa? ov(erata ostic, Plin. 1. c.). riepa1'osVes,tdXXols, Eurip. Orest. 1546, 1566,
A lattice-work is to be observed above the I-J)z. Aul. 345, Ancdlon. 952). To fasten the
bronze doors in the last woodcut, Mr. Donaldson door with the bolt wasjanusae pessdulmn obdere, with
having inltroduced it on the authority more espe- the bar jaecansa obsesrae (Ter. Eun. iii. 5. 55, iv.
cially of the Pantheon at Rome, where the upper 6. 26, Ileaut. ii. 3. 37). At Athens a jealous
part of the door-way is filled with a window such husband sometimes even proceeded to seal the door
as that here represented. Vitruvius (iv. 6. ~ 1) calls of the women's apartment. (Aristoplh. Tiics:.,