Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

HYLORI. HIYPOBOLES GRAPHE. 623
for them by the emperors and other opulent per- had the superintendence of forests (DiiXv uvXdarsw'r,
sons. Nero was very curious about organs, both compare Suidas, s. v.). Aristotle'(Polit. vi. 5),
in regard to their musical effect and their mecha- who divides all public officers into three classes
nism. (Sueton. Ner. 41. 54.) A contorniate coin (&pXal, E7rLxeX?7'ral, and irs7pdEaL), reckons the
of this emperor, in the British Museum (see wood- arapoi among the E&rlJUs;A rai, and says that by
cut), shows an organ with a sprig of laurel on one some they were called -ypovo'eol. They seem to
have been a kind of police for the protection of
the forests, similar to the German forster. But
the exact nature of their office, or the Greek
states where it existed, are unknown. [L. S.]
HYPAETHRUS. [TEMPLUrI.]
HYPASPISTAE (v5'7raorrt'rai). [EXERCITUS,
p. 488, b.]
HYPE'RETES ('nrop7 s s). This word is derived from Ep'os-W, iPEd'Ts, and therefore originally
signifies a rower; but in later times the word was,
- t {{\0 w1 ith the exception of the soldiers or marines, applied to the whole body of persons who performed
any service in a vessel. (Thucyd. vi. 31, with
GiAller's note; Demosth. c. Polycl. pp. 1214,1216,
&c.; Polyb. v. 109.) In a still wider sense V7rpErmjs was applied to any person who acted as the
side, and a man standing on the other, echo may assistant of another, and performed manual labour
have been victorious in the exhibitions of the cir- for him, whether in sacred or profane things (Polcus or the amphitheatre. It is probable that these lux, i. 1, 16, viii. 10), whence the word is somemedals were bestowed upon such victors, and that times used as synonymous with slave.- (Clitarchus,
the organ was impressed upon them on account of ap. Atlhen. vi. p. 267; compare Pollux, vii. 8. 2;
its introduction on such occasions. (Havercamp, de Hesych. s. v.) Hence also the name v7r-jpdeaL was
Nzum. contorniatis; Rasche, Lex. Univ. Rei Nusn. sometimes given to those men by whom the hoplis. 1. HyIdslaulicumn Instrustentumn.) The general form tae were accompanied when they took the field,
of the organ is also clearly exhibited in a poem and who carried the luggage, the provisions, and
by Publilius Porphyrius Optatianus, describing the the shield of the hoplites. (Xen. Cyros. ii.. ~ 31.)
instrument, and composed of verses so constructed The more common name for this servant of the
as to show both the lower part which contained hoplites was o'Ev4(popos.
the bellows, the wind-chest which lay upon it, and At Athens the name vTr-p'VTs, or the abstract
over this the row of 26 pipes. These are repre- vr77petia, seems to have been applied to a whole
sented by 26 lines, which increase in length each class of officers. Aristotle (Polit. vi. 5) divides all
by one letter, until the last line is twice as long public offices into three classes, a&pXa or magisas the first. (Wernsdorf, Poetae Lat. MIin. vol. ii. tracies, ErrLE'Xaemt or administrations, and S7r?7pe-riat
pp. 394-413.) [J. Y.] or services. Now all public officers at Athens, in
HYDRAU/LICA MA'CHINA. [HY- as far as they were the representatives of the
DRAULA.] people, or the executors of its will, were appointed
HYDRAULUS [HYDRAULA.] by the people itself or by the senate; and with
HY'DRIA (bFpta). [SITULA.] the exception of some subaltern military officers,
HYDRIAPHO'RIA (vptaoopla) was oneofthe we never find that one public officer was appointed
services which aliens (Lce4ToCot) residing at Athens by another. A public officer, therefore, when he
had to perform to the Athenians at the Panathenaea, appointed another person to perform the lower or
and by which it was probably only intended to im- more mechanical parts of his office, could not raise
press upon them the recollection that they were him to the rank of a public officer, but merely
mere aliens and not citizens. The hydriaphoria was engaged him as a servant (v7r-qpEsTs), and on his
performed only by the wives of aliens (Pollux, iii. own responsibility. These 7rfjpE'rat, therefore,
55); whereas their daughters had on the same oc- were not public officers, properly speaking, but
casion to perform the oKcmta3qpopia (the carrying of only in as far as they took a part in the functions
parasols) to the Athenian maidens, and their hus- of such officers. The original and characteristic
bands the a'cao oplfa (the carrying of vessels, difference between them and real public officers
see Aelian, V. II. vi. 1, with Perizonius; Harpo- was, that the former received salaries, while the
crat. s. v. Zcapq(po pop). It is clear from the words latter had none. Among the U7r7prealxvere reckoned
of Aelian that these humiliating services were not the lower classes of scribes [GRAMMATEUS ], hedemanded of the aliens by the laws of Solon, but ralds, messengers5 the ministers of the Eleven, and
that they were introduced at a later period. (Pe- others. This class of persons, as might be suptitus, Lefg. Att. p. 95.) The hydriaphoria was posed, did not enjoy any high degree of estimation
the carrying of a vessel with water (68pia, Ari- at Athens (Pollux, vi. 31), and from Aristotle
stoph. Eccles. 738), Whlch service the married alien (Polit. iv. 12) it is clear that they were not always
women had to perform to the married part of the Athenian citizens, but sometimes slaves. [L. S.]
female citizens of Athens, when they walked to the HYPEROON (iirepoov). [Dor. us, p. 426, a.]
temple of Athena in the great procession at the HYPOBOLES GRAPHE (iuroCoAiXi ypaop).
l'anathenaea. (Compare Meursius, Panathenaea, Of this action we learn from the Lex Rhet. that
c. 21.) [L. S.] it was one of the many institutions calculated to
IHYDROMELI. [VINuM.] preserve the purity of Attic descent, and preferred
l YLO'RI orHYLEO'RI (bXwpoti,dAhr7po1),are against persons suspected of having been supposisaid by Ilesychius (s. v.) to have been officers whio titious children. If this fact was establishlcd at t-i