Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

HOROLOGIUM. HIOROSCO1PUS. 6 i
spot till a very late period, and it would seem that shows the latitude or polar altitude of the place
the place was called ad Solariumz, so that Cicero for which the solarium was made. The angle of
uses this expression as synonymous with Rostra the enclina is about 400 43', which coincides
or Forum (pro Quinct. 18, ad Ilerenn. iv. 10). with the latitude of Tusculum. In the body of
IIorologia of various descriptions seem also to have the solarium is the almost spherical excavation,
been commonly kept by private individuals (Cic. H K D M I F N, which forms a double hemicyclium
ad Fain. xvi. 1 8); and at the time of the emperors, (hemicyclium excavatuon ex qugdrato, Vitruv.).
the wealthy Romans used to keep slaves whose Within this excavation the eleven hour lines
special duty it was to announce the hours of the day are marked which pass through three semicircles,
to their masters. (Juven. x. 21,5; Mart. viii. 67; H L N, K E F, and D Al J. The middle one,
Petron. 26.) K E F, represents the equator, the two others the
From the number of solaria which have been tropic lines of winter and summer. The curve rediscovered in modern times in Italy, we must infer presenting the summer tropic is somewhat more
that they were very generally used among the than a semicircle, the other two curves somewhat
ancients. The following woodcut represents one smaller. The ten middle parts or hours in each of
of the simplest horologia which have been dis- the three curves are all equal to one another; but
covered; it seems to bear great similarity to that, the two extreme ones, though equal to each other,
the invention of which Vitruvius ascribes to are by one-fourth smaller than the rest. In the
Berosus. It was discovered in 1741, on the hill middle, G, of the curve D K H N I J, there is
of Tusculum, among the ruins of an ancient villa, a little square hole, in which the gnomon or pointer
and is described by Gio. Luca Zuzzeri, in a work must have been fixed, and a trace of it is still
entitled D'una antica villa scoperta sul dosso del visible in the lead by means of which it was fixed.
Tusculo, e d'un antico oroloyio a sole, Venezia, It must have stood in a perpendicular position
upon the surface A B R 0, and at a certain distance from the surface it must have turned in a
right angle above the spheric excavation, so that
its end (C) extended as far as the middle of the
equator, as it is restored in the above woodcut.
See the description of another solariunl in G. H.
Martini's Antiquorum Jlfonimentorumn Sylloge, p.
95, &c.
Clepsydrae were used by the Romans in their
camps, chiefly for the purpose of measuring accurately the four vigiliae into which the night was
divided. (Caes. de Bell. Gall. v. 13; Veget. de
Rle A/lilit. iii. 8; Aen. Tact. c. 22.)
The custom of using clepsydrae as a check upon
the speakers in the courts of justice at Rome was
introduced by a law of Cn. Pompeius, in his third
consulship. (Tacit. De clar. Orat. 38.) Before that
time the speakers had been under no restrictions,
1746, and by G. H. Martini, in his Abhlandlzsg but spoke as long as they deemed proper. At
uon den Sonaenulsren der Alten, Leipzig, 1777, Rome, as at Athens, the time allowed to the
p. 49, &c. speakers depended upon the importance of the
The following woodcut shows the same solarium case. Pliny (Epist. ii. ] 1) states that on one imas restored by Zuzzeri. portant occasion he spoke for nearly five hours,
ten large clepsydrae having been granted to him
o R by the judices, but the case was so important that
four others were added. (Compare Plin. Epist. vi.
K ~,\ K {/j//b'\.\D- \2; Martial, vi. 35, viii. 7.) Pompeius, in his law,
is said to have limited the time during which the
A, \ accuser was allowed to speak to two hours, while. / & z l \ \ \ \ \/2/ the accused was allowed three hours. (Ascon. its
t M/ %-Ailon. p. 37, ed. Orelli.) This, however, as is
clear from the case of Pliny and others, was not
observed on all occasions, and we must suppose
that it was merely the intention of Pompeius to fix
the proportions of' the time to be allowed to each
party, that is, that in all cases the accuser should
only have two-thirds of the time allowed to the
accused. This supposition is supported by a case
mentioned by Pliny (Epist. iv. 9), where, accord-'rhe breadth as well as the height (A 0, and ing to law (e lege) the accuser had six hours,
P A) are somewhat more than eight inches; and while the accused had nine. An especial officer
the length (A B) a little more than sixteen inches. was at Rome as well as at Athens appointed to
The surface (A O R B) is horizontal. S P Q T stop the clepsydra during the time when docuis the basis of the solarium, which, originally, ments were read. (Apul. Apolog. i. and ii.; comwas probably erected upon a pillar. Its side, pare Ernesti, de Solariis, in his Opuscul. Philolog.
A S T B, inclines somewhat towards the basis. et Cert. pp. 21-31; Becker, Gallus, vol. i. p. 186,
This inclination was called'y-rtemta, or inclinatio &c.) [L. S.]
olarii and endima lsuccisumi (Vitruv. 1.'.), andl IiOROSCOPUS. [AsTRO.m;IA, p. 14,l,b.]