Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

616 IIOROI OGIUM. HOROLOGIUM.
made to drop upon wheels which were thereby logical building, which is one of the most interest,
turned. The regullm movement of these wheels ing monuments at Athens. It is the structure
was communicated to a small statue, which, gra- formerly called the Tower of the Winds, but now
dually rising, pointed with a little stick to the known as the Horological Monument of Andronicus
hours marked on a pillar which was attached to Cyrrhzestes (see Diet. of Biog. s. v.). It is exthe mechanism. It indicated the hours regularly pressly called hlorologieum by Varro (R. R. iii. 5.
throughout the year, but still required to be often ~ 17). This building is fully described by Vitruattended to and regulated. This complicated clep- vius (i. 6. ~ 4), and the preceding woodcuts show
sydra seems never to have come into general use, its elevation and ground plan, as restored by Stuart.
and was probably only found in the houses of very (Antiq. of Atzens, vol. i. c. 3.)
wealthy persons. The sun-dial or gnomon, and a The structure is octagonal; with its faces to the
simpler kind of clepsydra, on the other hand, were points of the compass. On the N.E. and N.W.
much used down to a very late period. The twelve sides are distyle Corinthian porticoes, giving access
parts of the day were not designated by the name to the interior; and to the south wall is affixed a
ipa until the time of the Alexandrian astrono- sort of turret, forming three quarters of a circle, to
mers, and even then the old and vague divisions, contain the cistern which supplied water to the
described in the article DIES), were preferred in the clepsydra in the interior. On the summit of the
affairs of common life. At the time of the geo- building was a bronze figure of a Triton, holding a
grapher Hipparchus, however (about 150 B. c.), it wand in his hand; and this figure turned on a
seems to have been very common to reckon by hours. pivot, so that the wand always pointed above that
(Comp. Becker, Cilarikles, vol. ii. p. 490, &c.) side of the building which faced the wind then
There is still existing, though in ruins, a horo- blowing. The directions of the several faces were
indicated by figures of the eight winds on the frieze
of the entablature. On the plain wall below the
entablature' of each face, lines are still visible,
which, with the gnomons that stood out above
them, formed a series of sun-dials. In the centre
of the interior of the building was a clepsydra, the
remains of which are still visible, and are shown
on the plan, where the dark lines represent the
==, channels for the water, which was supplied from
______-..__.:I,.j._-~,~~ ~~//~~ —-~- _~ the turret on the south, and escaped by the hole
in the centre.
The first horologium with which the Romans be____ = - - Icame acquainted was a sun-dial (solariumr, or heoro
loyizem sciothericum), and was, according to some
writers, brought to Rome by Papirius Cursor twelve
years before the war with Pyrrhus, and placed before
the temple of Quirinus (Plin. H. N. vii. 60); others
stated that it was brought to Rome at the time of the
l=,Am__-_.- first Punic war, by the consul M. Valerius Messala,
I | l 1 E I -< and erected on a column behind the Rostra. But
this solarium being made for a different latitude
did not show the time at Rome correctly. Ninetynine years afterwards, the censor Q. Marcius Philippus erected by the side of the old solarium a new
one, which was more carefully regulated according
to the latitude of Rome. But as sun-dials, however
perfect they might be, were useless when the sky
- i _.. was cloudy, P. Scipio Nasica, in his censorship,
159 B. c., established a public clepsydra, which indicated the hours both of day and night. This
clepsydra was in aftertimes generally called solarihlm. (Plin. H. N. vii. 60; Censorin. de Die Nat.
c. 23.) The word hora for hour was introduced
at Rome at the time when the Romans became acquainted with the Greek horologia, and was in this
signification well known at the time of Plautus.
(Pseudol. v. 2. 10.) After the time of Scipio
Nasica several horologia, chiefly solaria, seem to
have been erected in various public places at Rome.
A magnificent horologium was erected by Augustus
I in the Campus Martius. It was a gnomon in the
shape of an obelisk; but Pliny (H. N. xxxvi. 10)
complains that in the course of time it had become
incorrect. Another horologium stood in the Circus
\\\ w / 62 Flaminius. (Vitruv. ix. 9. 1.) Sometimes solaria
were attached to the front-side of temples and basilicae. (Varro, de Ling. Lat. vi. 4; Gruter, Inscript.
vi. 6.) The old solarium which had been erected
behind the Rostra seems to have existed on that