Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

HERMAE. I- ERMAE. 603
some confirmation of the tradition which carried Aot, i. 24. ~ 3), and, ill place of tlle arms, there were
back the invention to the Pelasgic times. oftenl projections to hanlg garlanlds uponll; but, when
In the historical times of Greece, too, it was at the reverence attached to the anlcient type became
Athens thtt the HIermae were most numerous less, and the love of novelty greater, the whole
and most venerated. So great was tihe demand torso was placed upon a quadrangnular pillar, which
for these works that the words IpyooyTX6os, ipto- lessened towards the base, alnd finally the pillar
wyAuptrc-r texil, and -'pooyXvrpEov, were used as itself was sometimes chiselled to indicate the sepa.
tlhe generic terms for a sculptor, his art, and hIis ration of the legs, as mnay be seen in a tetragonal
studio (1Plat. Synzlj. p. 215, a.; Lucian, cle Sossn. female statue ill the Villa Albani. (AVilnkelil.
i. 7, vol. i. pp. 3, 4, 1 0, 11; and the Lexicons). Storia delle Arle, vol. i. t a. 1.) Sometimes, as
Houses in Athens had one of these statues above stated, tlte ]lead was double, triple, and evet
placed at the door called Ep/1s OTpodpaOos or repo- foturfold. The whole figure was nerllerally of stone
rpevs (Thucyd. vi. 27; Aelian..1I. ii. 41; Suid. or marble; but Cicero (ad Alt. i. 8) mentions
s. v.; Pollux, viii. 72; Ath. x. p. 437, b.) some- somie which were of Pentelic marble, with bronze
tillies also in the peristyle (Lucian, Actvig. 20, heads. (Miiller, Azlrciiol. d. Ktizst, ~ 67.)
vol. iii. p. 262), which were worshipped by the Matny statues existed of other. deities, of tlhe
women as instrumental to fecundity (see bas-relief same form as tic the Herla;e; which no doubt oriin Boissarde, Antiq. RomieZ. part 1), and the great gintcted inl the samle ianner; and wwhich were still
reverence att ached to them is shown by the alarm called by the gelleric name of I-ericae, even though
and indignation which were felt at Athens in.con- the bust upon them was tllat of another deity.
sequence of the mutilation of the whole number in Several images of this kind are described by Paua single night, just before the sailing of the Sicilian sanias; one of Poseidon at Tricoloni in Arcadia
expedition. (Thliucyd. vi. 27, with Poppo's note; (viii 35. ~ 6(), another of Zeus Teleios at Tegea
Andoc. de. 111/st.; Aristoph. Lysist. 1093, 1024, (ib. 48. ~ 4), aund anlother of Aphrodite Urania
atlld Schol.; Aristopllanes applies the term pguoeco- at Athens (i. 19. ~ 2). The reason why the
7rlatt to the mutilators; see also Plhot. s. s. eppuo- statues of the other deities were developed into
tceeniat.) perfect forms, while those of Hernmes so geneThey were likewise placed il front of telmples, rally (by no mllenlls universallly) retainled their
near to tombs, ill the gymlnasia, palaestrae, libraries, ancient flshion, is obviously ot account of the reporticoes, anid public places, at the corners of streets, ligious significance attached to the symbol of the
on high roads as sign-posts, with distances inscribed pillar, as a boundary maark. sllere this motive
upon them (Biickh, Coip7. Iscr. No. 12; Epiigr. was not called into acti:n, HIermes himself was
IJscert. No. 234, Brunck, Ana.l. vol. iii. p. 197, represented il thle comlplete h-ultan form with all,4At//. Ploseadl. iv. "254; the other epigrams onl the perfection of Greek art, as, for examlple, in his
Herinae, Nos. 255, 256. deserve notice); and statues inl thle ulutalestrae, and in those which elnsome are still to be seen at Athens with the nanms bodied others of his attributes. (See MIdiller,
of victors in the gymniastic contests inscribed upon Aitc/iol. d. Kioust, ~~ 380, 381.)
them. (Leake, At/hens, p. 17, ii. 1.) Th''ey were Some statues of this kind are described by a
even mlade vehicles of public inlstruction, according name compounded of thait of Herlnes and anotlher
to the author of the IIipja)( lus' (falsely ascribed to divinity: thus we have I-Incarectnezubis, Herinuares,
Plato, p. 229), who says that the tyrant Hippar- ilerinzat/hca (Cic. adl Att. i. 4), Ilerlcceacles (Cic.
chlus placed Herniae is the streets of the city and ad Att. i. 10), Herineoros (Plin. II. N. xxxvi. 5.
in roads throughout Attica, inscribled with moral s. 4. ~ 10), icrioopacn. It has been much clisverses, such as the following: puted whether sucll figures were comlposed of the
Mry~ua To'4'I7r7rdapXov eTE7XE 8saCCtea ipOtimOV. square pillar, as the emblem of IHermles, surmounted
Mvm7'3a s-e''IrsrrdpXyoo /) qAo' eSCszru~ia. 1Jby the bust of the other divinlity; or, seconidl-,
whether the heads of Hermes and the other god
(Comp. Harpocrat. s. v.'Epual; Hesych. s. v: were united, as in the bust of Jalmus; or, lastly,'Ir7r-dpxelo'Ep'.a?, with Alberti's note). Those whether the symbolical characteristics of the two
which stood at cross roads had often three or four deities wvere combined in the same statue. As to
heads (Philoch. p. 45, ed. Siebelis; Harpocr. anld tIle first explaination, it seemls lhardly probable that,
Ltyin. 111 s. s. vrplKpaxos'Epxls; Phot. Hesych. so lalte as the time of Cicero, the mere pillar should
v. v. rs'rpaniceqaXos'Epuis; Eustath. ad Homz. p. have been considered as adequate a representation
1353. 3). of H-Iernmes as the bust swas of the other deity: the
Numerous examples occur ill Pausa niasis and second is supported by matlny existing termninal
other writers of their being placed on the boun- clouble busts: the third call onmly be regarded
daries of lands and states anld at the gates of mas all ingenious colljectumre, which mally be' truie of
cities (7rpbs sr- srvooS, 7rporvAaos, Paus. viii. 34. somle works of a late period of art. We thinlk
~ 3. s. 6, iv. 33. ~ 3. s. 4, et alib.; I-Harpocr.) Small that thle second is the true explanation in the
1-erince were also used as pilasters, aLnd as sup- passages from Cicero. (Comp. Ioiiller, Arcaiiol. d.
ports for furniture and utensils. (Pollux, vii. 15, KI1unst, ~ 345, n. 2.)
73; Mliiller, Arc/h. ~ 379, n. 2.) Respecting thle There is still another class of these works, in
use of the Irernmacmc and iLertsue/li in the Circus, which tile bust represented no deity mat all, but was
see pp. 285, a, 286, a. sinmiply tIhe portrait of a man, and it which tile
With respect to the form of these works, the es- pillar loses all its symbolical meaninlg, and becomes
sential parts have been already mentioned. A a nmere pedestal. Even these statues, however, repointed beard (s'pr/vosrc'ysio,) belonged to the ancient tained the names of flereale and Tertmini. The
type (Artemid. ii. 37). A mantle (iciUr'oT,) was fre- examples of them are very numerous. A list of
quently hung over the shoulders (Paus. viii. 39. ~ 4; these and of the other I-ermae is given by C. W.
I)iog. Laert. v. 82). Originally the legs and arms Miiller. (Ersch and Gruber's Elecyklopiidic, art.
were altogether wanting (Pausanias calls thenm eci- iIort1te.)