Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

OGYMNASIUA{. GYMINASiUM.,631
by the strictest rules. As we, however, find that festivals, especiallythe torch-race (aysrahlp'[L),a
adults also frequented the gymnasia, we must sup- for which he selected the most distinguished among
poses that, at least as long as the laws of Solon the ephebi of the gymnasia. The number of gymwere in force, the gymnasia were divided into nasiarchs was, accordinlg to Libanius on Demosdifferent parts for persons of different ages, or that thenes (c. 1/l/id. p. 510) ten, one fr'om every tribe.
persons of different ages took their exercise at dif- (Compare Denlosth. c. Philif,. p. 50, c. Doeoi. p.
fereult tilues of the day. (BJickh, Corsp. Ii7script. 996; Isaeus, De lfenecl. c. 42.) They seem to
ni. 246( and 2;)1.) The education of boys up to have undertaken their official duties in turns, but
the age of sixteen was divided into the three parts in what inanner is unknown. Among the external
mentioned above, so thalt gymllnastics formed only distinctions of a gymnasiarch, were a purple cloak
one of them; blut during the period from the and white shoes. (Plut. Anltoz. 33.) In early
sixte:tlth to the eighteenth year the instruction times the office of gymnasiarch lasted for a year,
in (gianinar and nmusic seems to have ceased, and but ulinder the Roman emnperors we find that somegvniiiiastics were exclusively pursued. In the time times they held it only for a month, so that there
bf Pla;to the -salutary regulations of Solon appear were 12 orl 13 gmnasiircls in one year. This office
to have been sno longer observed, and we find per- seems to have been considered so great an honotir,
sons of all agoes visiting the gy-mnasia. (Plat. De that even Roman generals and emperors were am-:le.). v. -p. 452); Xen. glpos. ii. 1i8.) Athens now bitious to hold it. Other Greek towns, like Athels,
possessed a. llctluher of smtaller gymnasis, which are had their own g-mnasiarchs, but we do not lsnow
somletinlles called palaestlrae, in which persons of all whether, or to what extent their duties differed
oges used -to assemble. and in which even the from the Athenian gynlnmisiarchs. In-Cyrene the
Herlmaea were celebrated by the boys, while for- office was somuetimes held by women. (Krause,
melrly this solelmitS had been kept only in the Gyis7z1sstik susssd Agonisti/e d. I:/ellezesz, p. 179, &c.)
gresat gyintiasia, and to the exclusion of all adults. - Another offlice which was formerly believed tu
(Plat. I?/s. p. 2()6.) These changes, and the laxi- be connected with the superintenldencle of the gymtude in the superintendence of these public places, nasia, is that of Xystarchus (~vrTdepXoe), But it
taused the gymnasia to differ very little from the is not mentioned previous to the tisme of the Roschools of the athletaee; and it is perhaps partly man emperors, and then only in Italy anid Crete.
owing to this circumstance that writers of this and Krause (II. p. 205, &c.) has shown that this office
subsequlent times use the words gylnnasiuln atld had nothing to do with the gymnasia properly so
palaestra indiscriminately. (Becker, Chali/dtes, vol. c-alled, but was only connected with the schools of
i. p. 341.) the athletae.
Married as well as unmarried women were, at An office whichl is likewise not menltioned before
Athens, and in all the Ionilan states, excludetd from the time of the Roman emperors, ul;b t'as neverthethe gymnaisia; but at Sparta, and in some other less decidedly connected with the gyimnaussia, is thabt
Doric states, maidens, dressed in the short XLmtCV, of Cosismetes. He had to arralnge certain games, to
were not only admitted as spectators, but also took register the namnes and keep the lists of the epheli,
part in the exercises of the youths. Married and to maintain order and discipline among theml.
women, however, did not frequent the gymnasia. He wtas assistecl by an Anticoslsetes alnd two Hy-:(Plat. De,ey. vii. p. 806.) pocosmetae. (Krause, lb. p. 211, &c.)
Respecting the superintendence and administra- An office of very great iluportance, in an educea
tion of the. gymnasia at Athens, we know that tional point of siew, was that of the Sophronistae
Solon in his legislation thought them worthy of (o-oopovs'r-rat). Their province was to inspire the
great attention; and the transgression of some of youths with a love of ucssppoi'svrl, and to protect
his law-s relating to the gymnasia was punished this virtue against all injurious influences. In ealrly.with dcleath. - His laws mentioni a mnragistrate, called times their number at Athens was ten, one fre:m
the Gymnasiarch (iyvyvaarr'apXos or 7yv ea'pLdpXl7s) every tribe, with a salary ofolle drachma per day..vho swas entrusted with the. whole management (Eryiool1. lltg. s.v.) Their duty not only re-f:the gymnasia, and with every thing connected quired them to be present at all the gamnes of the
-therewvith. His office: was one of the regular litur- ephebi, but to watch and correct their: conduct:gies like the choregia and trierachy -(Isaeus, D)e wherever they might meet them, both within and
PlcileFcteml. Iher.- p. 154), and Was: attended with without the gymnasium. At -the t-ime- of.the eia~considerable expense. He had to maintain alld peror Marcus Aurelius only six Sophronistae, as.~
pay the persons Wsho were preparing themselves for sisted by as many Hyposophlronistae, are mentioned.
the -,games and contests in the public festivals, to (Krause, lb. p. 214, &c.)..
provide them withI oil, and perhaps with the TIhe instructions in the gymnasia were given by
[wrestlers' dust. It also devolved upon him to the Gymnastae (-yvuutvaorai) anid the Pae.dotribaee
adorn the gymnasium or the place where the agones r-('alorpCa[); at. a later period Hypopaedotribae
took. place. -;(Xen. De RJep. A/lsez. i. 13.) The -were added. -The:Paedotribes was a requilred to
gymnasiarch vas a real magistrate, and -invested possess a knoxvledge of all the various exercises
wvithl a kind of jurisdiction over all those who fre- uwhich were performed in the gymnasia; th-e G m-quented or were connected with the gymnaisia; nastes was the practi-cal teacher, and was -expected
-and his power seems even to have extended beyond to know the physiological effects and illfluences
tie gymnasia, for Plutarch (Amietor. c. 9, &c.) on the constitution of the youths, and therefore
states that he watched and controlled the conduct assigsned to each of themn those exercises wlhich he
of the ephebi in general. He had also the power thought most suitable. (Galen. De Valet. tueud. ii.
to remove from the gy-nasia teachers, philosophers, 9. 11; Aristot. Polit.;iii. 3. 2.) These. teacl-ers
and sophists, whenever ihe conceived that they were usually athletea, who shad left their proe:s.exercised an injurious influence upon the young. sion, or could not succeed in it. (Aelian, V.Il. ii.
(Aeschin. c. Timarch.) Another part of bis dlties 6; ~(alen, 1. c. ii. 3, &c.)
was to conduct the solemut games at.certain great The a10ointing of the bodies of the youths, and
r.P 3