Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

S80 GYMNASIUM. GYMNASIUM.
from some of his laws which are me-ntioned below. l1 called Apodyterium; then came the Conisterinum.(i):
It was about the same period that the. Greekl towns. adjoining; and next to the Conisterium, in the re-:
began to build their regular gymnasia as places of turnis of the portico, is the cold bath, NoOrpo' (:I).
exercise for the yollng, with baths, and other con- On the left of the Ephebeum is the' E laeotihesitun,
veniences for philosophers and all persons who where persons were anointed by the aliptae (K).
sought intellectual amusements. There was pro- Adjoning - the Elneothesium is- the Frigidarium
bably no Greek town of any importance which did (L), the object of -which is unknown. - From thence.:.
not possess its gymnasitm. In many places, such is the entrance to the Propnigeumn (M), on the reas Ephesus, Hirapolis, and Alexandria in Troas, turns. of-the portico; near which, but more inward,
the remains of the ancient gymnasia have been behiisd the place of the frigidariui, is the vault:d,.
discovered in modern times. Athens alone pos-. sudatory (N),.in: length twice its breadth, -whichi
sessed three great gymnasia, the Lyceum (AvKeCos),) has on the returns the Laconicum (O) on one side,
Cynosarges (Kvvdoeapy-1s),and theAcademia.('A, a'nd opposite the Laconicum, the hot-bath (P).
8nr1u/a); to which, in later times, several smaller ones On the outside three porticoes are built; one (Q),
Nwere added. All places of this kind were, on in passinlg out from the peristyle, and, on the. righlt,
the whole, built on the same plan, thougih, from and left, the two stadial porticoes (R.S), of which'the remains, as well as from the descriptions still the one (S) that faces the north, is nmade. double'
extant, we must infer that there were many dif- and of great breadth, the other (R) is single, and'
ferences in their detail. The most complete de- so designed that in the parts which encircle the
scription of t gyinmasimni which we possess, is that walls, and which adjoin to the columns, there may i
given by Vitruvius (v. 1),. which, however, is be margins for paths, not.less than ten'feet u afid
very obscure, and at the same time defective, in as the middle is so excavated, that there may be two
far as many parts which seem to have been essen- steps, a foot and a half in descent, to go fi;0r the'
tjial to' a gymlnleasilum, are not mentioned in it. margin'to the plane (BR), which plane should not.
Among the nimerous plans which have been dr:;wn, be less in. breadth than 12 feet; by this means..
taccording to the description of Vitruvius, that of. those who walk about the margins in their apparel'
W. Nesvton, in Ihis translation of Vitruvius. vol. i. will not be annoyed by those who are-exercising
fig. 52, deserves the preference. The following. themselves. This portico is called by the Greeks
wood-cut is a copy of it, with a few alterations. Uso-r-s, because in the winter season, the athletae
exercised themselves in these covered stadia. The. vrdoS had groves or plantations between the two''....... J1 porticoes, and walks between the trees, with seats
of signine work. Adjoining to the 4vovds (R) and
1 double portico(), are the uncovered walks (U),
Q-.! P a1{ 2Le i:: which in Greek are called 7rapaapo'ilses, to which: 11 I e9t 11. the athletae, in fair weather, go fros the winter1 a~ a.' xystus, to exercise. Beyond the x~stus is_ tl:d
I 2 -Y 1 l4: Stadiuml (WV), so large that a msiltitude of people:9'!Q: may have sufficient room to behold the contests of'.I~ ~ ~ rs a a.ett@ tQN la:, the athletae.
1 9_ a IIeQ oQ.l, I, ~% iIt is generally believed that Vitruvius in. this
I ~-,~ IQ.MM'Q:'.AQ2% I Idescription of his gymnasium took that of Niaples.
I] ~eI|a~- ~_j QQ as his model; but two important parts of other'
1:1'"l~;'~ —~ —-~.....~ —-~.. ~-~ —-— ~.~. [ Greek gynmnasia, the apodyterium,and the sphaeris-. -..-rl teriuln, are not mentioned.by him. The Greeks/l k!.............^~ A-.1~ tT, |bestowed great care upon the outward and inward'
tT'K' iEl - splendour of their gymnasia, and. adorned th fei:
I~-' 1 W iI - I with the statues of gods, heroes, victors in' tie.
Hermes was the.tutelary deity of the gymnasiii,
|1i - -Eu anmd his statue was consequently seen in most of
J * Sl 1"s l~et I them.
IH* -..........1... The earliest regulations which we possess con~2~-4w" —1 — r' —, -.... — "r:' —Ic4-'q cerning the gymnasia are contained in the lavs of. __,-,, _J.._ _- 1Solon. One of these laws forbade all adults to'
enter a gymnasium during the tiuse that boys wvere
The-peristylia (D) in a gymnasium, which Vi- taking their exercises, asud at the festiva.l of the
truvius incorrectly calls palaestra, are placed in the Heriliaea. The gyminasia were, according to the
form of a square or oblong, and have two stadia same law, not allowed to be opened before sun(1200 feet)'in circiumference. They consist of four rise, and were to be shut at slnset. (Aeschin.
porticoes. In three of them (A B C) spacious exe- c. iinszrch. p. 38.) Another law of Solon cxdrae with seats were erected, in which philoso- cluded slaves fiom gyrmnastic exercises. (Aesch-in,
phers, rhetoricians, and others, who delighted in c. Tisszascl&. p. 147; Plut. Solos, 1; Denosth..
intellectual conversation might assemble. A fourth Tisoocsrat. p. 736.) Boys, who were children of
portico.(E), towards the smuth, was double, so that an Athenian citizen and a foreign lmother (::-0o0),
the interior walk was ne.t exposed to bad weather. were not admlitted to any other gymnasium but the
Thie double portico contained the following apart- Cynosarges. (Plut. Tlhes. 1.) Some of the laws
ments: —The Ephebeum (F), a spacious hall with of Solon relating to the management and the superseats, in the middle, and by one-third longer intendence of the gymnasia, show that he wras
than broad. On the right is the Coryceum (G), aware of the evil consequences which these instiperhaps the same room which in other cases n-as tutions might produce, unless they were regulated