Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

G YMNASIUM. GY MiNASI UM;., 57J
in the proceeds to the public treasury. (Mleier, AtU. lopment by which the Greeks excelled all other
P'roc. p. 740, &c.) [J. S. M.] nations, and which at the same time imparted to
GRAPHIA'RIUM. [STILUS.] their minds that power and elasticity which will
G RAPHIS. [PICTURA, No. VI.] ever be admired in all their productions. (Lucian,
GRAPHIUM. [STILUS.] de!n/mnzast. 15.) The plastic art in particular
GREGORIA'NUS CODEX. [CoDEX GRE- must have found its first and chief nourishiment in
GORIANUS.] the gymnastic and athletic performances, and it
GRIPHUS (?yptpos). [AENbIsMA.] may be justly observed that the Greeks would
GROMA. [AGRIMENSORES; CASTRA, p. never have attained their preemninence in sculpture:
251,a.] had not their gymnastic and athletic exhibitions
GROSPHOS (ypd4jo s). [HAsTA.] made the artists familiar with the beautiful fornis
GUBERNA'CULUM. [NAvIS.] of the human body and its various attitudes. ReGUSTA'TIO. [COENA, P. 307, a.] specting the advantages of gymnastics in a medical
GUTTUS, a vessel, with a narrow moutth or point of view, some remarks are made at the end
neck, from iwhich the liquid was poured in drops: of this article. But we must at the same time
hence its name " Qui vinum dabant ut minutatim confess, that at a later period of Greek history
funderent, a guttis gutoun appellarunt." (Varr. L. when the gymnasia had become plxces of resort for
L. v. 124, ed. Muller.) It was especially used in idle loungers, their evil effects were no less striksacrifices (Plin. H. N. xvi. 38. s. 73), and hence ing. The chief objects for which they had Origiwe finld it represented on the Roman coins struck nally been instituted were gradually lost sigh1t of,
by persons who held any of the priestly offices; and instead of being places of education and traina8, for instance, in the annexed coin of L. Plancus, ing they became mere places of amusement; and
the contemporary of Augustus, where it appears, among ether injurious practices to which they gave
though in different forms, both on the obverse and rise, the gymnasia were charged, even by the anreverse. The guttus was also used for keeping cients themselves, with having produced and fostered that most odious vice of the Greeks, the
<4'i~[~'~?~o. 7narai8hpeoara. (Plut. Qucaest. Roms. 40. vol. ii.' *,vg ~?'9 gp. 122. ed. Wyttelb.; compare Aristot. de Repoubl.
~ ii~j'~Sa viii. 4 Plot. Philop. 3.)
Gymnastics, in the widest sense of the word,.i I d~ e-5Xs~ O ~comprehended also the agonistic and atthle:ic arts:(a)'/soTvcrr and i&OXhrTrcs), that is, the art of tlose
->eoo5F -Qfo~O who contended for the prizes at the great public
games in Greece, and of those who ma.de gyinnastic performances their profession [ATHILETAE and
the oil, with which persons were.anointed in the ACONOTHETA.]. Both origilnated in the gyninabaths. (Juv. iii. 263, xi. 158.) A guttus of this sia, ii as far as the athletae, as well as the agoniskind is figured oin p. 192. tae were originally trained in them. The athlctle,
GYMNASIARCIHES. [GYMNAssUlu.] however, afterwards formed a distinct class of perGYMNA'SIUM (yutcldoriov). The whole edu- sons unconnected with the gymnhasia; while the
cation of a Greek youth was divided into three gymnasia, at the time when they hasd degenerated,
parts: gramllmar music, ad gymnastics (?ypd1~asra, Iere in reality little more than agonistic schools,
oovaoimc, acud yu1/vaa-vdlr, Plato, Tleag. p. 122; attended by numbers of spectators. On certain
Plut. de Audit. c. 17; Clitoph. p. 497), to which occasions the most distinguished pupils of the gymAristotle (de Repsu71. viii. 3) adds a fourth, the nasia were selected for the exhibition of public
lrt of drawing or painting. Gymnastics, however, contests [LAMPADF.PHOsIA], SO that on the whole
were thought by the ancients a matter of such im- there was always a closer connection between the
portance, that this part of education alone occupied gymnastic and agonistic than between the gymas much time and attention as all the others put nastic and athletic arts. In a narrower sense, nowtogether; and while the latter necessarily ceased ever, the gymnasia had, with very few exceptions,
at a certain period of life, gymnastics continued to nothing to do with the public contests, and were
be cultivated by persons of all ages, though those places of exercise for the purpose of strengthening
of an advanced age naturally took lighter anid less and improving the body, or in other words,: places
fatiguing exercises than boys and youths. (Xen. for physical education and training; and it is
Symopos. i. 7; Lucian, Le.iriph. 5.) The ancients, chiefly in this poinlt of viewthat we shall consider
ald more especially the Greeks, seem to have been them in this article.
thoroughly convinced that the mind could not pos- Gymnastic exercises among the Greeks seein to
sibly be in a healthy state, unless the body was have been as old as the Greek nation itself; as
likewise in perfect health, and no means were amay be inferred from the fact that gymnastic conthought, either by philosophers, or physicians, to be tests are mentioned in many of the earliest lenellds
more conducive to preserve or restore bodily health of Grecian story; but they were, as might be supthan well-regulated exercise. The word gymnas- posed, of a rude and mostly of a warlike character.
tics is derived from?yvu s'Y (naked), because the They were generally held in the open air, and in
persons who performed their exercises in public or plains near a river, which afforded an opportunity
private gymnasia were either entirely naked, or for swimming and bathing. The Attic legends'
merely covered by the short XitL'v. (See the autho- indeed referred the regulation of gymnastics to
rities inWachsmuth, Hellen. AlteostL. vol. ii. p. 354. Theseus (Paus. i. 39. ~ 3), blut according to Galen
2d edit., and Becker, Charikles, vol. i. p. 316.) it seems to have been about the time of Cleisthenes
The great partiality of the Greeks for gymnastic that gymnastics were reduced to a regular and comexercises was productive of infinite good: they plete system. Great progress, however, must have
gave to the body that healthy and beautiful deve- been made as early as the time of Solon, as appeara
rP 2