Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

. C AUI A TORES. GLADIATOHl0ES. 57 5
(Dion Cass. ixviii. 3; Suet. Tit. 9; Lipsius, cause they fought with two swords. (Artemiod. ii.
Earcrns. ad Tac. Ann. iii. 37.) At first there was 32; Orelli, Inscr. 2584.)
a Hind of sham battle, called praelusio, in which Equites were those who fought on horseback.
they fought with wooden swords, or the like (Cic. (Orelli, 2569. 2<577.)
de Ofrat. ii. 78, 80; Ovid, Ass Amnat. iii. 515; Essedarii fought from chariots like the Gauls
Senec. Epist. 117), and afterwards at the sound of and Britons. [ESSEDA.] They are frequentlymenthe trumpet the real battle began. When a gladi- tioned in inscriptions. (Orelli, 2566. 2584, &c.)
ator was wounded, the people called out habet or Fiscales were those under the empire, who were
lhoc habet; and the one who was vanquished low- trained and supported from the fiscus. (Capitol.
ered his arms in token of submission. His fate, Gord. 33.)
however, depended upon the people, who pressed lloplomachi appear to have been those who
dlown their thumbs if they wished him to be fought in a complete suit of armour. (Suet. Cal.
saved, but turned them up if they wished him to 35.; Martial, viii. 74; Orelli, 2566.) Lipsius conbe killed (Hor. Ep. i. 18. 66; Juv. iii. 36), and siders them to have been the same with the Samordered him to receive the sword (ferrum, reci- nites, and that this name was disused under the
pere), which gladiators usually did with the emperors, and hoplomachi substituted for it.
greatest firmness. (Cic. Tuso. ii. It, pro Sext. Laqueatores were those who used a noose to
37, pro M11il. 34.) If the life of a vanquished catch their adversaries. (Isiod. xviii. 56.)
gladiator was spared, he obtained his discharge for lferidiani were those who fought in the middle
that davy which was called missio (Mart. xii. 29. of the day, after combats with wild beasts hadt
7); and hence in an exhibition of gladiators sine taken place in the morning. These gladiators were
2n'issione (Liv. xli. 20), the lives of the conquered very slightly armed. (Senec. Epist. 7; Suet. Claud.
were never spared. This kind of exhibition, 34; Orelli, 2587.)
however, was forbidden by Augustus. (Suet. Mir-millones are said to have been so called from
AugeJ. 45.) their having the image of a fish (mzormyr, pop.
Palms were usually given to the victorious tipos) on their helmets. (Festus, s. v. Retiario.)
gladiators (Suet. Cal. 32); and hence, a gladiator, Their arms were like those of the Gauls, whence we
who had frequently conquered, is called " pluri- find that they were also called Galli. They were
marum palmarum gladiator" (Cic. pro Rose. Azner. usually matched with the retiarii or Thracians.
6); money also was sometimes given. (Juv. vii. (Cic. Ph ilii. 12, vii. 6; Juv. viii. 200; Suet.
243; Suet. Claud. 21.) Old gladiators, and sorne- Cal. 32; Orelli, 2566, 2580.)
times those who had only fought for a short time, Ordinarii was the name applied to all the-regular
were discharged from the service by the editor at gladiators, who fought in pairs, in the ordinary
the request of the people, who presented each of way. (Senec. Epist. 7; Suet. Aug. 45, Cal. 26.)
them with a rudis or wooden sword; whence Postulaticii were such as were demanded by
those who were discharged were called Rudianii. the people from the editor, in addition to those who
(Cic. Philip. ii. 29; Hor. Ep. i. 1, 2; Suet. Tib. were exhibited. (Senec. 1. c.)
7; Quint. 1. c.) If a person was free before he Provocatores fought with the Samnites (Cic. pro
entered the ludus, he became on his discharge free Sext. 64), but we do not know any thing respectagain; and if he had been a slave, he returned to ing them except their name. They are mentioned
the same condition again. A man, however, who in inscriptions. (Orelli, 2566.) The 7rpooKtcdroop
had been a gladiator was always considered to mentioned by Artemiodorus (ii. 32) appears to be
have disgraced himself, and consequently it ap- the same as the provocator.
pears that he could not obtain the equestrian rank Retialai carried only a three-pointed lance, called
if he afterwards acquired sufficient property to tridens orfuscina [FuscINA], anda net (rete),which
entitle him to it (Quint. 1. c.); and a slave who they endeavoured to throw over their adversaries,
had been sent into a ludns and there manumitted and then to attack them with the fuscina while they
either by his then owner or another owner, merely wore entangled. The retiarius was dressed in a short
acquired the status of a peregrinus dediticius. tunic1 and wore nothing on his head. If he missed
(Gaius, i. 13.) [DEDITICII.] his aim in throwing the net, he betook himself to
Shows of gladiators were abolished by Constan- flight4 and endeavoured to prepare his net for a
tine (Cod. 11. tit. 43), but appear notwithstanding second cast, while his adversary followed him round
to have been generally exhibited till the time of the arena in order to kill him before he could make
Honorius, by whom they were finally suppressed. a second attempt. His adversary was usually a
(Theodoret. Hist. Eccles. v. 20.) secutor or a mirmillo. (Juv. ii. 143, viii. 203; Suet.
Gladiators were divided into different classes, Cal. 30; Claud. 34; Orelli, 2578.) In the follow.
according to their arms and different mode of ing woodcut, taken from Winckelmann (Moenure.
fighting, or other circumstances. The names of
the most important of these classes is given in
alphabetical order: -
Andabatae (Cic. act Fam. vii.. 10) wore helmets
without any aperture for the eyes, so that they y
were obliged to fight blindfold, and thus excited e
the mirth of the spectators. Some modern writers' \
say that they fought on horseback, but this is
denied by Orelli. (Inscer. 2577.)
Catervarii was the name given to gladiators i i
when they did not fight in pairs, but when several
fought together. (Suet. Aug. 45; gregatimn diAniceates, Cal. 30.).Dintmccleri appear to have been so called, be