Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

r66 GALEA. GALLT.
Herefordshire. (Skelton, Engraved Illust. i. pl. 44.) worn in the middle a(ges, have been found at Pom.
The perforations for the lining and exterior border peii. See the wood cut to G.LADIATORES.
are visible along its edge.,A side and a front The five following helnets are selected from anview of it are presented in the annexed woodcut. tique gems, and are engraved of the size of the
originals. [J. Y.]
Two casques very like this were fished up from the
bed of the Alpheus, near Olympia, and are in the
possession of Mr. Hamilton. (Dodwell, Tour,
vol. ii, p. 330.) Among the materials used for
the lining of helmets were felt ('7rXos, Horm. It.
x. 265) and sponge. (Aristot. H. A. v. 16.)
The helmet, especially that of skin or leather,
was sometimes a mere cap conformed to the shape GALERI'CULUM. [GALERUS.]
of the head, without either crest or any other orna- GALE'RUS or GALE'RUM, was originally
ment (&apaXo', re Ta K XAopo,, Il. x. 358). In this a covering for the head worn by priests, espestate it was probably used in hunting (gale es zen- cially by the flamen dialis (Gell. x. 1 5; Serv. ad
toria, C. Nep. Dat. iii. 2.), and was called scara?- Virg. Aen. ii. 683). It appears to have been a.rvu (Hom. II. 1. c.), in Latin Cu.Do. The pre- round cap made of leather, with its top ending in
ceding woodcut shows an example of it as worn by`an apex or point. [See cut on p. 102.] The word is
Diomede in a small Greek bronze, which is also ins probably connected withynlea, a helmet. In course
the collection at Goodrich Court. (Skelton, 1. c.) of time the name was applied to any kind of cap
The additions by which the external appearance of fitting close to the head like a helmet. (Virg. Aenz.
the helmet was varied, and which served both for vii. 688; Virg. llMoret. 121; Suet. Ner. 26.) Galesrus
ornament and protection, were the following:- and its diminutive Gacleicullur are also used to
1. Bosses or plates, proceeding either from the signify a covering for the head made of hair, and
top ((dpXos, Hom. ii. iii. 362) or the sides, and hence a wig. (Juv. Sat. vi. 120, with the Schol.;
varyisng in nmnber from one to folur (&/qicpaXos, Suet. Otls. 12; Mart. xiv. 50.)
rL&dXAos, IIom. II. v. 743, xi. 41; Eustath. ad loc.; GALLI, the priests of Cybele, whose worship
~rTepdUpaXos, I1. xii. 384). It is however very was introduced at Rome from Phrygia, in B.C. 204.
doubtful what part of the helmet the (pdXos was. (Liv. xxix. 10, 14, xxxvi. 36.) The Galli were,
Buttmann thought that it was what was after- according to an ancient custom, always castrated
wards called the ccvos,9 that is, a metal ridge in (spadones, semi7smres, seziviiri, nec viri necfeeminae),
which the plume -was fixed; but Liddell and Scott and it would seem that impelled by religious fana(Lex. s. v.) maintain with more probability that ticism they performed this operation on themselves.
the (pdaos was the shade or fore-piece of the helmet; (Juv. vi. 512, &c.; Ovid, Fast. iv. 237;, MartiaI,
and that an al&~idpaXoe helmet was one that had a iii. 81, xi. 74; Plin. H. N. xi. 49.) In their
like projection behind as well as before, such as wild, enthusiastic, and boisterous rites, they remay be seen in the representations of many ancient sembled the Corybantes (Lucan. i. 565, &c.;
helmets. compare HILARIA), and even went further, in as
2. The helmet thus adorned was very commonly much, as in their fury, they mutilated their own
surmounted by the crest (erista, XA6(os, Hom. II. bodies. (Propert. ii. 18. 15.) They seem to have
xxii. 316), which was often'of horse-hair ('1rr7rovp s, been always chosen from a poor and despised class
7r7roe ceim, HoBm. 11. cc.;,lpmwav iOeepam, Theocr. of people, for while no other priests were allowed to
xxii. 186; hirssuta juba, Propert. iv. 11. 19), and beg, the Galli (.famu7i Idaeae ncstris) were allowed
made so as to look imposing and terrible (Hom. II, to do so on certain days. (Cic. de Leg. ii. 9 and
iii. 337; Virg. Aen. viii. 620), as well as hand- 16.) The chief priest among them was called arsome. (Ib. ix. 365; e;Xospos, Heliod. Aetl. vii.) ehigallus. (Servius, ad Aen. ix. 116.) The origin
The helmet often had two or even three crests. of the name of Galli is uncertain: according to
(Aesch. Sep. c. Theb. 384.) In the Roman army Festus (s. v.), Ovid (Fast. iv. 363), and others, it
of later times the crest served not only for orna- was derived from the river Gallus in Phlrygia,
ment, but also to distinguish the different cente- which flowed near the temple of Cybele, and the
rions, each of whom wore a casque of a peculiar water of which was fabled to put those persolls
form and appearance. (Veget. ii. 13.) who drank of it into such a state of madness, that
3. The two cheek-pieces (buceulae, Juv. x. 134; they castrated themselves. (Compare Plin. AI. A.
7rapa-yvaOGies, Eustath. in It. v. 743), which were v. 32, xi. 40, xxxi. 2; Herodian. 11.) The supattached to the helmet by hinges, so as to be lifted position of Hieronymus (Casp. Oseae, 4) that Galli
up and down. They had buttons or ties at their was the name of the Gauls, which had been given
extremities for fastening the helmet on the head. to these priests by the Romans in order to show
(Val. Flace. vi. 626.) their contempt of that nation, is unfounded, as the
4. The beaver, or visor, a peculiar form of which Romans must have received the name from Asia,
is supposed to have been the abXcmr-s Trpv(pd&XEa, or from the Greeks, by whom, as Suidas (s. v.) ini. e. the perforated beaver. (Hom. II. xi. 353.) forms us, Gallus was used as a common noun in
The gladiators wore helmets of this kind (Jutv. the sense of eunuch. There exists a verb gaclire,
viii. 203), and specillens of them, not unlike those which signifies to- rage (i.esaLure, bacc/ztari), a-id