Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

FUSUS. (A. LEA. 565
ment continued to be inflicted in the later times of woodcut is taken fioml a series of bas-reliefs reprethe republic (Cic. Philip. iii. 6), and under the senting the arts of Mlinerva upon a frieze of the
empire. (Tacit. Ann. iii. 21.) Forum Palladium at Rome. It shows the operaDifferent from the ftstuarium was the animad- tion of spinning, at the moment when the woman
versio fustium, which was a corporal punishment has drawn out a sufficient length of yarn to twist
inflicted under the emperors upon free men, but it by whirling the spindle with her right thumb and
only those of the lower orders (tenuiores, Dig. 48. fore-finger, and previously to the act of taking it
tit. 19. s. 28. ~ 2). It was a less severe punish- out of the slit to wind it upon the bobbin (,7r'iov)
ment than the flogging with flagella, which punish- already formed.
ment was confined to slaves. (Dig. 48. tit. 19. The distaff was about three times the length of
s. 10; 47. tit. 10. s. 45.) [FLAGRUM.] the spindle, strong and thick in proportion, comFUSUS (&"rparKTOS), the spindle, was always, monly either a stick or a reed, with an expansion
when in use, accompanied by the distaff (coelts, near the top for holding the ball. It was someiJaKs7'rm1), as an indisputable part of the same times of richer materials and ornamented. Theo
apparatus. (Ovid, Met. iv. 220-229.) The wool, critus has left a. poem (Ieyll. xxviii.) written on
fla;x, or other material, having been prepared for sending an ivory distaff to the wife of a friend.
spinning, and having sometimes been dyed (islev- Golden spindles were sent as presents to ladies oi
(pEs epos eXovoUa, Hom. Od. iv. 135), was rolled high rank (Hom. Od. iv. 131; Herod. iv. 162);
into a ball (roXAhri, glomus, Hor. Epist. i. 13. 14; and a golden distaff is attributed by Homer and
Ovid, ilet. vi. 19), which was, however, sufficiently Pindar to goddesses, and other females of remarkloose to allow the fibres to be easily drawn out by able dignity, who are called XpOvriKXdaarot.
the hand of the spinner. The upper part of the It was usual to have a basket to hold the disdistaff was then inserted into this mass of flax or taff and spindle, with the balls of wool prepared
wool (colus comta, Plin. I. V. viii. 74), and the for spinning, and the bobbins already spun. (Brunck,
lower part was held in the left hand under the left Anal. ii. 12; Ovid, Mlet. iv. 10.) [CALATHUS.]
arm in such a position as was most convenient for In the rural districts of Italy women were forconducting the operation. The fibres were drawn bidden to spin when they were travelling on foot,
out, and at the same time spirally twisted, chiefly the act being considered of evil omen. (Plin. H. VN.
by the use of the fore-finger and thumb of the right xxviii. 5.) The distaff and spindle, with the wool
hand. (8aK7'rkosL fAt.6eo, Eurip. Orest. 1414;pollice and thread upon them, were carried in bridal prodocto, Claud. de Prob. Cons. 177); and the thread cessions; and, without the wool and thread, they
(filum, stamnen, svua) so produced was wound upon were often suspended by females as offerings of rethe spindle until the quantity was as great as it ligious gratitude, especially in old age, or on relinwould carry. quishing the constant use of them. (Plin. H. N.
The spindle was a stick, 10 or 12 inches long, viii. 74.) [DoNARIA.] They were most frequently
having at the top a slit or catch (dens, 6tKiy 7rpov) dedicated to Pallas, the patroness of spinning, and
in which the thread was fixed, so that the weight of the arts connected with it. This goddess was
of the spindle might continually carry down the herself rudely sculptured with a distaff and spindle
thread as it was formed. Its lower extremity was in the Trojan Palladium. (Apollod. iii. 12. 3.)
inserted into a small wheel called the whorl (eor- They were also exhibited in the representations of
ticelum), made of wood, stone, or metal (see wood- the three Fates, who were conceived, by their spincut), the use of which was to keep the spindle ning, to determine the life of every man; and at
more steady and to promote its rotation: for the the same time by singing, as females usually did
whilst they sat together at their work, to predict
his future lot. (Catull. 1. c.) [J. Y.]
GABINUS CINCTUS. [TOGA.]
GAESUM. [HASTA.]
GA'LEA (icpa'os,poet. tpuvs, 7rmXArl), a helmet;
a casque. The helmet was origiaally made of skin
or leather, whence is supposed to have arisen its
appellation, tKvve7, meaning properly a helmet of
dog-skin, but applied to caps or helmets made of
~ri / / a <<-<the hide of other animals (TnaupsF, IcTr8' l, Hoes.
II. x. 258, 335; atiyehl, Od. xxiv. 230; Herod.
vii. 77; compare Kpavrd aocSrwna, Xen. Anab. v. 4.
~ 13; ctlea lupina, Prop. iv. 11. 19), and even to
those which were entirely of bronze or iron (7rdy.
XaAKos, Od. xviii. 377). The leathern basis of
spinner, who was commonly a female, every now the helmnet was also very commonly strengthened
and then twirled round the spindle with her righit and adorned by the addition of either bronze or
hand (Herod. v. 12; Ovid. Mlet. vi. 22), so as to gold, which is expressed by such epithets as XaXtwist the thread still more completely; anld when- K*pXss, evXanXos, XpUvEslnI, Helmets which had a
ever, by its continual prolongation, it let down the metallic basis (.pcpvdo XaxKca,'Xen. Anab. i. 2. ~
spindle to the ground, she took it out of the slit, 16) were ill Latin properly called cassides (Isid.
wound it upon the spindle, and, having replaced it Orig. xviii. 14; Tacit. Germ. 6; Caesar, B. G. iii.
in the slit, drew out and twisted another length. 45), although the terms galea and cassis are often
All these circumstances are mentioned in detail by confounded. A casque (cassis) found at Pompeii
Catullus (Lxiv. 305- 319). The accompanying is preseved ill the collection at Goodrich Colurt,
003