Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

Ni58 FUNUS. FUNUS.
609, &c., Clhoeplh. 86, &c. The act of offering The Libitinlarii appear to have been so called bethese presents was called ieayiCIeLv, and the offer- cause they dwelt near the temple of Venus Libitina,
ings themselves Edvayira'ra, or more commonly where all things requisite for funerals were sold.
Xoat. Such offerings at the tombs are represented (Senec. de Benef. vi. 38; Plut. Quaest. Rom. 23
upon many Xiicvuot, or painted vases; of which an Liv. xli. 21; Plut. Num. 12.) IIence we find the
example is given in the following woodcut. (Millin, expressions vitare Libitina7n and evadere LibitinaeL
Peint. de Vases, vol. ii. pl. 27.) The tomb is built used in the sense of escaping death. (Hor. Carre.
in the form of a temple (iJpoov), and upon it is a iii. 30. 6; Juv. xii. 122.) At this temple anl acrepresentation of the deceased. (See also Stackel- count (ratio, ephemneris) was kept of those who died,
berg, pl. 44 —46, and Millin, vol. ii. pl. 32. 38, for and a small sum was paid for the registration of
further examples.) their names. (Suet. Ner. 39; Dionys. Ant. Ronl.
iv. 15.)
A small coin was then placed in the mouth of
______________ A d d __ the corpse, in order to pay the ferryman in Hades'- X -; (Juv. iii. 267), and the body was laid out on a
couch in the vestibule of the house, with its feet
towards the door, and dressed in the best robe
which the deceased had worn when alive. Ordinary citizens were dressed in a white toga, and
magistrates in their official robes. (Juv. iii. 172;
Liv. xxxiv. 7; Suet. Ner. 50.) If the deceased
had received a crown while alive as a reward for
kx'~ l [ iJ /~!.\ t [\ l his bravery, it was now placed on his head (Cic.'9)" /l ll,[ H\ d(" de dLeg. ii. 24); and the couch on which he was
P ~: l'1 )[ G 1; B y ~:~~ klaid was sometimes covered with leaves and flowers.
A branch of cypress was also usually placed at the
door of the house, if he was a person of consege 7\-~ s ~ /lllquence. (Lucan. iii. 442; Hor. Cartn. ii. 14. 23.)
Funerals were usually called fienera justa or
exsequiae; the latter term was generally applied to
The y7eveo-a mentioned byr Ierodotus (iv, 26) the funeral procession (pompa fanebris). There
appear to have consisted in offerings of the same were two kinds of funerals, public and private; of
kind, which were presented on the anniversary of which the former was called fhnus publicum (Tacit.
the birth-day of the deceased, The,EKvsera Mwere Ann. vi. 11) or indictiuvzt, because the people were
probably offerings on the anniversary of the day of invited to it by a herald. (Festus, s. v.; Cic. de
the death; though, according to some writers, the Leg. ii. 24); the latter fcnes tacituzi, (Ovid, Teist.
vEtcviria were the same as the yeE'oLa. (Hesych. i. 3. 22), translatitiunm (Suet. NVer. 33), orplebeimiR.
s. e. There'sa: Grammat. Bekk. p. 231.) Meals A person appears to have usually left a certain sum
were also presented to the dead and burnt. (Lucian, of money in his will to pay the expenses of his
(onte?7ipl. 22. vol. i. p. 519, ed. Reitz.; de Mlere. funeral; but if he did not do so, nor appoint any
(Cond.28. p. 687; Artemiod. Oneirocr. iv. 81.) one to bury him, this duty devolved upon the perCertain criminals, who were put to death by the sons to whom the property was left, and if he died
state, were also deprived of the rights of burial, without a will, upon his relations according to their
which was considered as an additional punish- order of succession to the property. (Dig. 11. tit.
melnt. There were places, both at Athens and 7. s. 12.) The expenses of the funeral were ill
Sparta, where the dead bodies of such criminals such cases decided by an arbiter according to the
were cast. (Plut. TlIem. 22; Thuc. i. 134.) A property and rank of the deceased (Dig. 1. c.),
person who had committed suicide was not deprived whence arbitria is used to signify the funeral exof burial, but the hand with which he had killed penses. (Cicpro Domno, 37, post Red, in Sen. 7, i2'
himself was cut off and buried by itself. (Aeschin. Pis. 9.) The following description of the mode in
c. Ctes. pp. 636, 637.) The bodies of those per- which a funeral was conductedapplies strictly only
sons who had been struck by liglmtning were re- to the funerals of the great; the same pomp and
garded as sacred (lepol eKxpo); they were never ceremony could not of course be observed in the
buried with others (Eurip. Saupi. 935), but usually case of persons in ordinary circumstances.
on the spot where they had been struck. (Arte- All funerals in ancient times were performed at
miod. Qneirocr. ii. 9. p. 146; BIDaNTAL.) night (Serv. ad Vrig. Aen. xi. 143; Isidor. xi. 2,
2. RoMAN. WVhen a Roman was at the point xx. 10), but afterwards the poor only were buried
of death, his nearest relation present endeavoured at nights becamse they could not afford to have any
to catch the last breath with his mouth. (Virgi fineral procession, (restus, s. v. Vespae; Suet.
Aen. iv. 684; Cic. Verr. v. 45.) The ring was Doam. 17; Dionys. iv. 40.) The corpse was usually
taken off the finger of the dying person (Suet. Tib. carried out of the house (qe'rebatltr) on the eighth
73); and as soon as lie was dead his eyes and clay after death. (Serv. ad Vlisg. Aez. v. 64.)
mouth were closed by the nearest relation (Virg. The order of the funeral procession was regulated
Aen. ix. 487; Lucan, iii. 740), who called upon. by a person called Designator or Domninus Fwleeris,
the deceased by name (inclamarcse, conclamare), ex- who was attended by lictors dressed in black.
claiming Iave or vale. (Ovid, Trist. iii. 3. 43, bMet. (Donat ad Ter. Adelph. i. 2. 7; Cic. de Leg. ii. 24;
x. 62, Fast. iv. 852; Catull. ci. 10.) The corpse Hor. Ep. i. 7. 6.) It was headed by musicians of
was then washed, and anointed with oil and per- various kinds (cornicines, siticines), iwho played
fumes by slaves, called Pollinctores, who belonged mournful strains (Cic. Ibid. ii. 23; Gell. xx. 2),
to the Libitinarii, or undertakers, called by the and next came mourning women, called Pea.fice
Greeks YercpoOdarrat. (Dig. 14. tit. 3. s. 5. ~ 8.) (Festus, s. v.), who were hired to lament and sing